Morekuru: morekuru uremu. Kukura uye guru pakati mamorekuru

The Zvinoumba kunzwisisa zvinhu, kunyange zvazvo vari inoumbwa tuduku nezvimedu - maatomu, mamorekuru, ions. The samolecular Murongerwo ane mvura zhinji uye magasi, uyewo vamwe muviri hwakasimba. Maatomu uye ions vanoumba nesimbi, munyu zhinji. nezvimedu All vane uremu, kunyange kupfuura Morekuru. Misa of Morekuru, kana isu kuitaura Kilos, anogamuchira chidukuduku ukoshi. Somuenzaniso, m (H ₂ O) = 30 • 10 ^-27 makirogiramu. Unhu kwakadaro kuchikosha mumwe fuma sezvo kurema uye kukura microparticles, yagara vakadzidza yefizikisi uye mishonga. Nheyo dzakaiswa nemabasa Mikhail Lomonosov uye Dzhona Daltona. Funga kuti zvakachinja kubva maonero pamusoro Microcosm.

University mharidzo "corpuscles"

Nokufungidzira of discrete maumbirwo nyaya inoratidzwa nenyanzvi muGirisi yekare. Zvino akapiwa zita "atomu" duku indivisible PARTICIPLE miviri, "Dzinovaka" zvakasikwa. The Russian nyanzvi huru M. V. Lomonosov akanyora pamusoro kunyora nezvavo uye indivisible chaiko zvinoreva PARTICIPLE maumbirwo nyaya - corpuscle. Gare gare, muna zvakanyorwa nevamwe nyanzvi, iye ainzi "Morekuru".

Misa Morekuru uye ayo kukura takatsunga ne ehupfumi waro constituent maatomu. Kwenguva refu masayendisiti haana kugona kutarisa zvakadzama kupinda Microcosm kuti kudziviswa kukura kemisitiri uye wefizikisi. Lomonosov kakawanda akakurudzira vatinoshanda navo kudzidza uye mubasa ravo kwakavakirwa yakarurama quantitative date - ". Chiyero uye uremu" munhu Kuburikidza nebasa Russian kemisiti uye yefizikisi nheyo dzidziso maumbirwo yacho, vasina chinokosha coherent mabhomba-samolecular dzidziso.

Maatomu uye mamorekuru - "Dzinovaka zvakasikwa"

Kunyange zvinhu microscopically duku zvakaoma kuwana, vane ehupfumi zvakasiyana. Nezvimedu dzakadai maatomu, inoumbwa musimboti uye yemagetsi akaturikidzana akasiyana mune nhamba akanaka uye kunaka madzoro nharaunda uremu. Maatomu uye mamorekuru zviripo Zvinoumba zvinhu, kwete ndoga, ivo kukwezvwa zvakasiyana simba. More kuoneka zvinokonzerwa anoyevedza mauto ari nezvishoma, simba - mu mvura, zvakaoma akanzwa ari gaseous zvinhu.

Nemakemikari asina achiperekedzwa kuparadza maatomu. Kakawanda, pane regrouping wavo, pane imwe Morekuru. Misa Morekuru kunobva chii maatomu riri kuumbwa. Asi vose kuchinja maatomu vari mishonga indivisible. Asi vanogona kuva chikamu mamorekuru siyana. Maatomu havadarowo ehupfumi ari chinhu icho. Morekuru asati apinda maatomu kuora anoramba dzose unhu nenhumbi.

Microparticle mamiriro kwemiviri - the Morekuru. uremu of Morekuru

Kuyera uremu macrobodies mano kushandiswa, mukuru iyo - pachikero. Nokuyerwa mugumisiro iri nyore akagadzirira mu makirogiramu, sezvo hweBazi muviri kwazvo international ino (SI). Kuona samolecular guru iri makirogiramu, zvakakodzera kuisa pasi mabhomba Zviidzo dzavo pachishandiswa nhamba inoramba. Zvivanakire, rinokosha chairema vakawanda kwave akasuma - zvenyukireya. Unogona uzvinyore muchimiro tsamba abbreviations (amu). chikwata ichi anoenderana mumwe-regumi namaviri mukanyiwa pamusoro nuclide pakati kabhoni ¹² C.

Kana isu ataure kukosha inowanikwa mureza dzakabatana, tinowana 1,66 • 10 ^-27 makirogiramu. Kwakadaro zviratidzi diki nokuti vakawanda miviri ushande kazhinji wefizikisi. Nyaya iri tafura paunogona kudzidza chii vari negurumwandira maatomu vamwe zvine maatomu akafanana. Kuti uzive zvinhu mukanyiwa mumwe morekuru rehydrogen muna makirogiramu, zviwande kubudikidza vaviri kuratidzwa tafura maatomu guru makemikari maatomu akafanana. Zvinoguma uremu ukoshi mamorekuru rinoumbwa nemaatomu maviri.

Hama samolecular uremu

Zvakaoma kushanda dzemaitirwe kwazvo zviduku zvakawanda, zvakavaomera, zvinotungamirira nguva-pakuzadza, kukanganisa-asingatani. Kana kurema microparticles, ipapo nokusunungurwa mamiriro akaoma kwaiva kushandiswa kwezvinhu hama tsika. Zvaizivikanwa mishonga izwi ine mashoko maviri - "mabhomba guru", ayo chiratidzo - Ar. Fanana pfungwa wakatangwa kune samolecular uremu (kufanana mukanyiwa ari Morekuru). The yemaitiro Pakurondedzera zvakawanda maviri: Mr = M (a chipfuro) / 1/12 M ⁽¹² C).

Kazhinji unogona kunzwa zvavanotaura "samolecular uremu." Izvi zvisingachashandi izwi rinoshandiswa kunyange panyaya samolecular uremu, asi zvishoma kakawanda. Chokwadi chokuti uremu - ndiwo muviri chakasiyana kwazvo - simba iro kunobva nenzvimbo Coordonatele muviri. Kusiyana neizvi, gobvu ndiro kuramba hunhu zvacho kuti kuitawo makemikari urongwa, uye vanokurudzirwa panguva dzekudya nokukurumidza.

Sei kuona samolecular uremu

Chaiyo tsanangudzo morekuru uremu rinoitwa ne huchashandiswa - vakawanda spectrometer. Kugadzirisa matambudziko, unogona kushandisa ruzivo kubva periodic table. Somuenzaniso, mukanyiwa une okisijeni morekuru 2 • 16 = 32. Tine mabasa nyore Masvomhu uye kuwana kukosha Mr (H ₂ O) - hama samolecular kurema mvura. By Periodic Table chinorondedzerwa kuti mukanyiwa reokisijeni - 16, hydrogen - 1. Swedera nyore Masvomhu: M _R (H ₂ O) = 1 + 2 • 16 = 18, apo M _R - samolecular uremu, H ₂ O - mvura Morekuru, H - rehydrogen chiratidzo ichocho O - namakemikari yakachena chiratidzo.

matutu pakati isotopes

Zvine maatomu akafanana zvakasikwa uye zvemichina zviripo sezvo akawanda mhando kwemaatomu - isotopes. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane mumwe uremu, ukoshi hwayo angasava kuva fractional ukoshi. Zvisinei, maatomu kurema makemikari chinhu kazhinji ndiyo nhamba multiple nezviratidzo mushure pfungwa. Apo Masvomhu kufungawo kwakaita mumwe dzemarudzi ari goko paNyika. Naizvozvo, mukanyiwa pakati maatomu ari periodic table havasi hazvo integers. Kushandisa tsika idzi Masvomhu, tinowana mukanyiwa pamusoro mamorekuru, izvo uyewo haana integers. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvingava rounding kukosha.

The samolecular uremu vasiri samolecular maumbirwo nyaya

Most inorganic yeimwe havasi samolecular marongerwo. Simbi dziri maatomu, ions uye vakasununguka maerekitironi, munyu - kubva cations uye anions. Nokuti zvinhu asiri samolecular uremu hurongwa zvakare kuverengerwa zvimiso mamorekuru kwakakomba payakavakirwa, tichiratidza nyore mamiriro. Tinoona Mr chaiko Ionic zvinhu tuma - munyu vane mutoo NaCl. M _R = 23 + 35,5 = 55,5. Nokuti dzimwe mhando Masvomhu zvaida samolecular guru mhepo - negasi nezvakasanganiswa. Tichitarisa chikamu dzakasiyana zvinhu mumhepo, ivo samolecular guru mhepo iri 29.

Kukura uye guru pakati mamorekuru

Erekitironi micrographs makuru mamorekuru vanogona kufunga munhu maatomu, asi vari diki kuti aingovawo maikorosikopu haigoni kuonekwa. Linear PARTICIPLE Kukura chero fuma sezvo kurema, - kugara noruzhinji. The dhayamita of Morekuru kunoenderana radii waro constituent maatomu, avo kukwezvana. The PARTICIPLE hukuru siyana pamwe uwandu protons uye simba mumatunhu. Rehydrogen atomu - duku kukura, ayo nharaunda iri chete 0,5 • 10 ^-8 masendimita uranium exchange atomu ndiyo rehydrogen maatomu katatu kupfuura .. Izvi "Hofori" the Microcosm - the mamorekuru ose Organic zvinhu. Saka, mumwe Linear divi rimwe puroteni PARTICIPLE ndiyo 44 • 10 ^-8 cm.

To muchidimbu: mukanyiwa pakati mamorekuru - ndiko kuwanda vakawanda kwemaatomu mukati kwavari. Mhedziso anokoshesa makirogiramu chingawanikwa vachiwedzera kuti samolecular uremu inowanikwa Periodic Table, mari 1,66 • 10 ^-27 makirogiramu.

The mamorekuru kunyora nezvavo kufananidzwa makro-miviri. Somuenzaniso, kukura mvura Morekuru H ₂ O rinopa mboni sezvo nguva zhinji, kangani muchero uyu idukusa redu.