Nuclear cheni kuita. Conditions of renyukireya cheni maitiro

Pfungwa relativity rinoti vakawanda - iri rinokosha simba. Kubva ichi zvinoreva kuti zvinokwanisika exchange guru kupinda simba uye simba kupinda vakawanda. On intraatomic vanochiva siyana zvakadai zviitike. Zvikurukuru, vamwe vakawanda maatomu musimboti zvingabudirira dzikava simba. Izvi zvinoitika nenzira dzakawanda. Chokutanga, chinoumba anogona kuputsa mumitauro nuclei zviduku, ichi kuita anonzi "kuparara". Chechipiri, tsanga duku kunogona batanidza nyore kuti hombe - ichi kwetunhu kuita. Zvose, siyana kwakadaro zvakajairika. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti Fusion maitiro - tsime simba nokuda nyeredzi. Asi zvakaitwa kuora anoshandiswa vanhu zvenyukireya reactors, sezvo vanhu vakadzidza kudzora azvaiitwa yakaoma. Asi chii chinonzi yenyukireya cheni sei? Kushandisa nayo?

Chii chinoitika musimboti ane atomu

Nuclear cheni maitiro - mumwe muitiro achimhanya ari kwemotokari pamusoro zvokutanga inoramba kana nuclei nevamwe nuclei. Nei "cheni"? Wakaisa uku sequential kuroorwa zvenyukireya siyana. Somugumisiro izvi pane kuchinja quantum ehurumende nucleon uye sezvamunoita ari tsanga, kuzviratidza nezvimedu kunyange itsva - zvibereko kuita. Nuclear cheni zvakaitwa, iro wefizikisi izvo unokubvumira kuongorora zvigadziriswe pakati nekuita pamusoro nuclei pamwe nuclei nezvimedu - nzira huru yokuti pagadzirwe itsva zvinhu uye isotopes. Kuti tinzwisise cheni maitiro, tinofanira kutanga kubata pamwe chete.

Chii chinodiwa kuti maitiro

Kuti dzika zvakadai muitiro, sezvo renyukireya cheni maitiro, zvakakodzera kuunza pamwe chete zvacho (chinoumba uye nucleon cores maviri) panguva chinhambwe nharaunda ine simba nekuita (ingangoita Fermi). Kana madaro yakakura, nesungano pakati mhosva nezvimedu chinokuvadzwa Coulomb. In renyukireya maitiro, achiita zvaidiwa zvose mitemo: kuchengetedza simba, panguva tichimhanya, baryon muripo. Nuclear cheni kuita runotaurwa nokuda zviratidzo A, B, a, d. Symbol munhu anoratidza kutanga chinoumba, b - nezvechiitiko PARTICIPLE, pamwe - mutsva chaibwinya nezvimedu, uye D rinoreva Pamusana core.

simba nemapinduriro

The cheni renyukireya zvinogona kutora nzvimbo tiine Absorção de Água uye kusunungurwa simba, iyo akaenzana vakawanda musiyano pakati nezvimedu mushure maitiro uye pamberi payo. The woga simba anosarudza shoma kinetic simba rimwe kudhumhana, Yaunoti pachikumbaridzo maitiro kwenyukireya umo rinogona kuyerera. pachikumbaridzo Izvi zvinoenderana zvacho kuti havagovani kukurukurirana, uye maitiro avo. Panguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa, inoramba zvose vari akafanorongerwa quantum mamiriro.

kuita

The chikuru tsime mhosva nezvimedu kunotutirwa musimboti ndiye PARTICIPLE akisarareta, izvo zvinoita Matanda protons, inorema ions uye chiedza nuclei. Slow neutrons anobudiswa kuburikidza nokushandisa zvenyukireya reactors. Nokuti kutara pachiitiko mhosva nezvimedu zvinogona kushandiswa-siyana zvenyukireya siyana - zvose kwetunhu uye kuora. Mukana wavo kunobva parameters ari inoramba kuti dhumhana. Kubva fungidziro ichi inobatanidzwa anozivikanwa yakadaro, chikamu muchinjikwa nemapinduriro - kukosha kwenzvimbo inoshanda iyo inechirevo chinoumba sokunge kuti chiitiko nezvimedu uye iri nechiyero ndingangokuvara inoramba kupinda neerekitironi dyidzana. Kana zvakaitwa iri vakapinda nezvimedu ane nonzero kuruka kukosha, chikamu chiri zvakananga hakunei zvadziri. Sezvo shure kuuya nezvimedu havasi nezvatinovavarira zvachose randomly, uye zvakawanda kana zvishoma nomutowo wakafanira, vose corpuscles vari inobudisa. Quantitative characterization of kuruka vaifarira kurondedzera polarization vector.

The kuita mashandiro

Chii yenyukireya cheni sei? Sezvambotaurwa, chinhu kutevedzana kwezviitiko nyore siyana. Details of chiitiko PARTICIPLE uye kudyidzana dzaro chinoumba vari novimba mukanyiwa, nokuchengeta, munhu kinetic simba. Kudyidzana pakutsvaga mwero rusununguko nuclei, izvo kufara kana padheshibhodhi. Kuwana kudzora zvigadziriswe izvi zvose rinobvumira kuti muitiro akadai dzinodzorwa renyukireya cheni kuita.

yakananga siyana

Kana munhu mhosva PARTICIPLE kuti paricharova kubaya mwoyo, chete unochibata, nguva yose kunorwisana zvichiri zvakakodzera kuti kukunda renyukireya nharaunda kure. Zvakaitwa ichi zvenyukireya inonzi zvakananga. A zvakafanana hunhu nokuda Zvinoitwa zvose izvi mhando ndiyo mharuro vashoma inosiyana rusununguko. In iyi, mushure wokutanga kudhumhana PARTICIPLE ane achiri zvakakwana simba rokukunda kukwezvana yenyukireya. Somuenzaniso, mukukurukurirana zvakadai, sezvo inelastic Nyuturoni vaparadzirwa, undoraira kuchinjanisa, uye vari ngaatarire. The mupiro pezvakaitwa kudaro hunhu inonzi "zvachose muchinjikwa chikamu" zvikuru wenhamo. Zvisinei, kuparadzira chigadzirwa mutsetse unopfuura renyukireya maitiro yokuziva ndingangokuvara akabuda pakona rimwe danda nhungamiro, quantum nhamba selectivity nevakabva inoti uye kuziva mamiriro avo.

pre-zvakanyatsoenzana achine

Kana PARTICIPLE haasiyi munda pamwe kwenyukireya pashure yokutanga kudhumhana, chichagamuchirwa muzvirongwa kupindana zvinotevedzana kwemotokari. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo chaizvo anonzi renyukireya cheni zvakaitwa. Somugumisiro, zvinhu zvakadaro zviri kinetic simba pamusoro inoramba iri vakaparadzira pakati chezvinonhuwira zvikamu tsanga. The chaizvo chete mamiriro musimboti zvishoma nezvishoma kuva zvikuru kuoma. Panguva muitiro uyu dzimwe nucleon kana sumbu rose (boka nucleons) simba inogona pfungwa, zviri zvakakwanira akabuda ari nucleon kubva musimboti. Uyezve kutandara kuchaguma Statistical zvakanyatsoenzana uye paumbwe remubatanidzwa neerekitironi.

cheni Maitiro

Chii yenyukireya cheni sei? kutevedzana uku yayo constituent zvikamu. Kureva mazhinji anotevedzana kuroorwa yenyukireya siyana zvinokonzerwa mhosva nezvimedu kuonekwa sezvo maitiro zvigadzirwa muzvirevo matanho. Chii chinonzi yenyukireya cheni sei? Somuenzaniso, fission inorema nuclei, kana akawanda zviitiko fission Kunotanga yaunganidzwa yapfuura decays neutrons.

Zvakakurukurwa yenyukireya cheni maitiro

Pakati ose nemakemikari mukati makadirwa yakafara Kuparadzirwa cheni. Nezvimedu vane tsva kwokubatana azadzise basa vakasununguka radicals kana maatomu. In iyi, sezvo renyukireya cheni zvakaitwa, kuti mashandiro ayo kosi zvinopa neutrons iyo vane Coulomb mechidziro fadza mwoyo pamusoro Absorção de Água. Kana svikiro sokuti zvakafanira PARTICIPLE, rinoita ngetani nekutambira transformations, izvo vacharamba cheni scission nokuda kurasikirwa mutakuri inoramba.

Sei rasika keriya

Pane vaviri chete zvikonzero kurasikirwa akaendesa nezvimedu chichiitwa cheni zvavaifunga. Chokutanga Absorção de Água pakati nezvimedu pasina yechipiri achine rikurumidze. Wechipiri - tichisiya nezvimedu mukati yezvinoreva nenhumbi inotsigira cheni rikurumidze.

Two Mhando kwacho

Kana chikwata anozvarwa vachingoshandisa PARTICIPLE keriya neimwe nguva cheni maitiro, zvino ichi muitiro unogona kunzi unbranched. Haikwanise kutungamirira nokusunungurwa simba pamwero. Kana pane vazhinji inotakura nezvimedu, inonzi ine mapazi maitiro. Chii yenyukireya cheni maitiro pamwe branching? Mumwe akagamuchira muzvirevo chiito yechipiri nezvimedu vachiri atanga pamberi cheni, asi vamwe achasika siyana mutsva kuti zvichaita davi kunze. With izvi achange kukwikwidza pezvakaitwa kutungamirira breakage. The zvichiguma mamiriro achapa pave chaiwo kutsoropodza uye shoma chaiyo. Somuenzaniso, kana akaramba anopfuura nengetani evasingatombonamati itsva, maitiro okuzvibatsira rutsigiro hazvibviri. Kunyange kana fadza wake artificially Pakusuma kupinda svikiro neuwandu nezvimedu, muitiro vachange vachiri nokufamba kwenguva (kazhinji nokukurumidza zvikuru). Kana nhamba nengetani itsva pakuwanda hwatsvuka, cheni kumashoko vachatanga rakapararira acho.

yakaoma mamiriro

A dzinonetsa nharaunda iri akaparadzaniswa ezvinhu inoti nyaya yemhando kuzvidzora kushingiswa cheni maitiro uye nharaunda umo ichi kuita hazvibviri zvachose. parameter ichi kunoratidzwa kuenzana pakati nhamba matunhu matsva uye uwandu zvichibvira hwatsvuka. Sezvo pamberi PARTICIPLE isina keriya yakaoma mamiriro Nde chinhu dungwerungwe se "zvinhu zviri renyukireya cheni zvakaitwa." Budiriro iri ezvinhu anogona pakutsvaga dzinoverengeka zvichibvira zvinhu. Kupatsanura rinorema chaikosha neerekitironi dzinoitirwa nokuda Nyuturoni mumwe chete. Somugumisiro iyi, sezvo necheni maitiro fission zvenyukireya, kune zvakawanda neutrons. Somugumisiro, izvi tenuka mapazi maitiro apo vatakuri uye neutrons achaita. In Kana apo mwero Nyuturoni rinoburitsa pasina kupesana kana kusimuka (kurasikirwa mwero) vachaparadzwa ndanyarara hangu kukurumidza kubereka inotakura nezvimedu, cheni zvakaitwa achava mberi mune mira nzira. mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi kurondedzera chokuwanziridza chinhu. Kana zviri akaenzana kubatana kumusoro. In simba renyukireya nokuda pakusuma yakaipa inofambiswa pakati mwero simba yokusunungurwa uye chokuwanziridza chinhu chinogona akaziva kudzora zvenyukireya siyana. Kana reshiyo ichi mukuru mumwe, ndokubva maitiro pachava exponentially. Kusingadzoreki cheni maitiro kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya.

Nuclear cheni maitiro ari simba zvekutepfenyura

The reactivity of reactor vagara vandifungira vakawanda pezvakaitwa izvo kutora nzvimbo yayo kushingaira mapazi. kunechekuita zvose izvi takatsunga ne anonzi coefficient kuti reactivity. Zvinoitwa tembiricha rokuchinja graphite tsvimbo, coolants kana uranium exchange reactivity pamusoro reactor uye kusimba ari percolation kwacho akadai yenyukireya cheni maitiro, dzinoratidzwa tembiricha coefficient (nokuti coolant, uranium exchange, pamusoro graphite). Panewo kutsamira zvainyanya simba, maererano barometric zviratidzi kuti chiutsi parameters. Kuti tirambe maitiro renyukireya riri reactor zvakafanira unoponesa munhu chinhu chimwe. Nokuti ichi zvakafanira kufunga kuerera ezvinhu renyukireya cheni zvakaitwa - kuvapo venhumbi anokwanisa zviparadzanise uye govera pachavo kubva kuora izvo, sezvo zvakaguma achaita mamwe weboka cores wandei zvokutanga inoramba. Sezvo yakadaro fuma inowanzoshandiswa uranium exchange-238, uranium exchange-235, plutonium-239. Munguva ndima cheni renyukireya maitiro isotopes pakati zvinhu izvi zvichava dziparare uye kuumba mamwe makemikari maviri kana kupfuura zvinhu. In iyi, zvinonzi chaibwinya vanonzi "wegamma" -rays, imwe ndichibvunza simba rokusunungura, vari vakaumba neutrons zviviri kana zvitatu mabasa anokwanisa kuramba maitiro. Kusiyanisa pakati kunonoka uye vakatsanya neutrons, nekuti kuti atomu wacho neerekitironi Zvaparara, inoramba izvi zvinofanira vabhururuke imwe nokukurumidza.