Tisave - anatomi. Human anatomi repasi wamativi, mufananidzo

Mumuviri womunhu nhoroondo nokuda 206 mapfupa, vakawanda asingasvavi kusapfuudza kukura zvishoma cubic masendimita. Most inorwadza uye hombe mapfupa mumuviri - pahudyu. mamiriro ayo anotibvumira mufambe uye kwete kuwa. Pashure ibvi femur rinobatanidza kuti tibia uye fibula kuumba vakasununguka rezasi richiripo.

vakasununguka dzikisa richiripo anatomi

Human anatomi repasi muzvidimbu inosanganisira mapfupa, tsandanyama, mapfupa, mapfundo fascia. Kureva, kana ngaakuitirei zvakakomba uye kwazvo. Asi ino ndiyo chete duku karwendo kupinda gumbo mamiriro. Saka, rezasi munhu gumbo rakakamurwa yehudyu yakaderera gumbo uye netsoka.

Hwaro femur ndiyo yehudyu pfupa. Zvinonzi akafukidza akaturikidzana tsandanyama, nokuda iyo munhu anogona kufamba, mirai, kumhanya, kushambira uye zvimwe zvakawanda. Kushanda panheyo yacho mhikuriso, vanoshanda parutivi kana ibvi. myofibrils anatomi dzinovabvumira chokuwedzera uye chibvumirano, kugara zvinodiwa nomuviri.

Chinoumba rezasi gumbo - the tibia uye fibula. Pakati pavo vari chokuita kwemajoini uye connective zvinyama Kamudzira umo midziyo zvakaitika. kuvaka ichi akafukidzwa vanoverengeka akaturikidzana pamusoro tsandanyama kuti kuenda netsoka.

Neketani uye rutsoka - ndicho chikamu muviri kuti vari kusangana kugara mutoro. A mugove zviduku zviri sole pamusoro pachayo anobata muviri wose uremu (uye dzimwe nguva zvingava kusvika makirogiramu mazana matatu). The rutsoka kuchibva calcaneus, tarsal uye metatarsal, izvo kuchizvivanza fascia uye tsandanyama. Just nzvimbo iyi chazarurirwa kwazvo neropa, saka kuti tsandanyama ave kugoverwa okisijeni.

The chikuru nemamiriro ibvi muhudyu

Chii chiri anatomi pamusoro ibvi kwevanhu pamwe? Nokuti mudzidzi yezvokurapa yunivhesiti yokutanga gore ndiyo imwe mibvunzo yakaoma, nokuti unofanira kurangarira zvose hurongwa anoumba vagari:
- mapfupa (as a hwaro);
- tsandanyama (nokuveza, yochinja nzvimbo rezasi gumbo);
- manzwiro nemidziyo ropa (uchisimbisa munyama nekufambisa mashoko kubva uropi kusvika arikunze);
- meniscus (kuumbwa kwemajoini pamusoro);
- shwashwa (abate mapfupa pamwechete);

Zvose pamusoro zvinoumba hwakanaka munhu achishanda uchinyatsobatanidzwa sezvo rimwe mashandiro. Asi zvinokosha "enda zvakaipa" pane chimwe chazvo, uye anotsvedzerera gait haana kubuda.

mapfupa

mapfupa Large of ibvi muhudyu - a femoral uye tibial. Asi kunze kwavari kunewo duku woita pfupa, iri kure zororo. Inonzi patella, kana mbiya. On the femoral mugodhi akaronga idenderedzwa pakukwirira - condyles vari zvinenge zvakazara shwashwa nokuda nani papfungwa. Ndivo pamusoro ibvi rwakashodoka. Rezasi chikamu inoumbwa sandara musoro tibia, chete rakafukidza cartilaginous tishu.

Fibula hakuna refu zvakakwana kuti vaumbe ibvi kumonwa. Anatomy of musoro unokubvumira ndikwane tibia kuitira kuti rezasi gumbo inogona zvayaitenderera paguyo zvishoma, regai kupa kutsemuka. Pakukora shwashwa kufukidza articular pamusoro rinosvika millimeters shanu. Zvakakodzera kuderedza kukweshera simba, uyewo depreciation.

cruciate shwashwa

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, kunze mapfupa uye tsandanyama pane shwashwa. Anatomy zvavo zvikuru zvemafaro sezvo micheka izvi jira kuchengeta zvose kumativi nomumwe mashandiro. Kuti usimbise vagari Kamudzira, kumativi mapfupa ndivo medial uye lateral rubatso (mahamvuropu) shwashwa. Pakati okumusoro vadyi hukawanika akaronga cruciate nemarunda. Topographically anogona kusiyanisa mberi neshure mwanda inorambidza kunyanyisa flexion uye kuwedzera ibvi.

Mwanda chinokosha pejoinhi. Ivo pakudzikamisa zvinoita kufamba zvikuru chakasimba uye kubvumira kudzivisa sprains.

Menisci vavo mashandiro

Kana iwe tarira mufananidzo ibvi, kuwedzera pfupa inotungamirwa vachaona mbiri duku. Izvi gobvu connective zvinyama idzodzo - menisci. Vari chiri pakati femur uye tibia.

The huru mbiri mashandiro ari menisci:
- kuwedzera munzvimbo vagari pamusoro nokuda nani kugoverwa uremu muviri;
- kuvandudza kutsiga ibvi muhudyu pamwe nemarunda.

Kuti kupa chii basa anoita meniscus, zvakakodzera kufungidzira bhora pamusoro mvere, flat pemvura. Kana pakati bhora uye "rwenze" hapana chichaitika, ipapo rakungurutswa. Nature ichisema munhu Vacuum, uye nokudaro mukati muhudyu inofanira kuva chinhu. Connective zvinyama anozadza nzvimbo pakati vagari hukawanika, kuwedzera nzvimbo yavo uye nokudzivirira pamusoro kwazvo zvinorema. Kuvadza menisci hwakazara kuzvimba kwemajoini uye shwashwa kuparadzwa

tsandanyama

Pamberi pechiso hudyu kusvika ibvi pamwe extensor tsandanyama. Mumwe kuguma kwavo ndee kuna femur kana chiuno, uye mumwe achipinda nemarunda uye dzakarukwa mu mekamudzira aka. Home muboka iri tsandanyama - quadriceps. Kana zvibvumirano, kuti rutsoka flexes iri pejoinhi.

By marunda flexor tsandanyama vari rakamiswa. Naivowo kutanga pamusoro bhanhire rezasi maoko nemakumbo, uye inoguma ari pamwe Kamudzira mu chimiro nemarunda. Kana pane rutapudzo boka iri, gumbo ndeyokubvisa.

Tsinga nemidziyo ropa

Tsinga fibers, arteries uye mutsinga somunhu samambure chirukwa ibvi rwakashodoka. Anatomy midziyo munzvimbo iyi asina akanyatsosiyana vakasiyana vamwe muviri. Tsinga, tsinga, zvichiteverwa pemipata maviri kuburikidza rwemberi pemvura muhudyu, krovosnabzhaya mupambare uye netsoka.

Next kwavari ndiko popliteal etsinga, inova kuenderera sciatic etsinga. A shoma pamusoro ibvi riri muzvikamu zviviri uye nenzira iyi pasi rezasi gumbo uye netsoka. Pamusana kwaari, vewakasununguka yakaderera muzvidimbu akatendeuka kutsinga dzinouya uye motokari innervation.

Functional miedzo ibvi muhudyu

Kana pane zvinokuvadza ibvi, traumatologist vanofanira kuwana tichibatsirwa mumuviri nzira uye Hardware kuti wakaremara uye sei zvakakomba. Hazvina kukwana kuti kutarisa ibvi rwakashodoka.

1. Test Lachman uye mudhirowa chiratidzo. Akaita zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kuona kuvadza Anterior cruciate shwashwa, kana mufananidzo ibvi rwakashodoka. Kuti aite izvi, murwere anoiswa pamusoro musana wake uye akuvara gumbo hwakakungwa panguva ibvi madhigirii matatu. Ipapo chiremba unocherekedza pamagaro uye panguva imwecheteyo anokurudzira Shin mberi. Kana kufamba zvinobvira, ipapo boka sousingabatsiri.

2. asiri kuonana bvunzo. Kana kuti zvimwe chikonzero chiremba havagoni kubata murwere (somuenzaniso, kune chipingamupinyi muchimiro mvura kana mvura iri pakati), uye kuitisa ongororo kubatsirwa, unyanzvi ichi anobvumira kuona kuvapo kunzwisisa kukuvara. Kuti aite izvi, murwere avete shure kwake, nemaoko maviri wakabata akuvara gumbo shure pechidya pedyo ibvi rwakashodoka. Zvino munhu ari kuedza kurera rezasi gumbo, pasina kuswatura ibvi. Kana akatadza uye tibia haina haachatauri, kukuvara shwashwa ikoko.

3. Rear sagging bvunzo. Kuti tizive kuvadza posterior cruciate shwashwa, uyewo haugoni kuita maekisirei yacho ibvi rwakashodoka. Ichi tsvakurudzo chidobi iri nyore, dambudziko-akasununguka chaizvo kuwanika. Murwere anofanira kukumbirwa kuti nhema pamusoro musana wako uye mukotamise mabvi vako necheparutivi pamusoro mapfumbamwe inegumi. Kana tibia kuchaita shure, kuti shwashwa wakaremara.

joini pakutsvakurudza

Nzira Inonyanya ndiyo X-ray pakuongorora mapfupa. Kana murwere anonyunyuta kurwadziwa vari vagari mushure mokuparara, fivha, kuzvimba uye kupwanywa, zvinokurudzirwa kuti aone kana pane kutsemuka. Maekisirei ari ibvi muhudyu unokubvumira kuona pfupa, nyoro zvinyama uye mudzira. Kutarisa mufananidzo kunotevera chiremba anogona rokuongorora: nokutyora, dislocation, tensile patella kukuvara, arthrosis, arthritis, bundu kana chikofu, osteoporosis kana osteomyelitis. Izvi ndicho zvirwere kukanganisa ibvi rwakashodoka. Photos, Chokwadi, unogona kuva akasiyana yepamusoro, zvakaoma uye kukura, asi nokuti nyanzvi hazvina kuoma.

Kuitira kudzivirira dzinonzi rheumatoid arthritis, chinopedza kwemajoini kunotevera uye zvokurwara, Ultrasound kunogona kuitwa. Chimwe zvakanaka ndechokuti kuti murwere haadi kuti kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo-kudzidzisa (nzara, Inwa mvura, etc.) usati mundotarisisa ibvi rwakashodoka. ayo anatomi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kutarira mukati mekamudzira aka, menisci kuona pamusoro, vakafuka shwashwa, mapfupa inotungamirwa.

Ultrassom anobvumira ibvi kuona kubva kumativi ose. Nokuti Kunyatsoona zvakafanira kuisa murwere zvakarurama:
- musana makumbo yakarurama (nyore kuonekwa kumberi uye divi madziro muhudyu);
- makumbo hwakakungwa panguva ibvi vadyi (meniscus mufanidziro);
- in asingatani nzvimbo (kune rwemberi parusvingo kwemajoini rokuongorora).

nzira iyi kunogona kuitwa mune chero zvoutano marongero.