Features, zvivako uye nzira yokurarama hurongwa. Chii chinonzi mhenyu gadziriro?

Long kubva, masayendisiti akaedza kutsanangura pfungwa "upenyu." Asi ichi chakaoma, nokuti zvinenge kuti agare panyika, ndivo-siyana chaizvo. Ndezvipi zvinodiwa yokurarama hurongwa uye peculiarities pamusoro kushanda kwavo, uchadzidza kubva ino.

Chii hurongwa

System ndicho akaita zvinhu izvo zvakabatana muna kutevedzana. mamiriro akadaro kunovimbisa vakaperera uye kukwanisa kushanda. On Nezvekwakabva hurongwa vari chakagadzirwa dzinongoitika. Boka rokutanga unosanganisira zvose hurongwa kuti akasika munhu. Mienzaniso aro zvakasiyana ballpoint matanga kuti skyscraper. Bvumiranai, ari wokutanga uye kana yechipiri, vose zvinoumba izvi hurongwa inozviisa akajeka muenzaniso uye zvakabatana mune imwe kuti. kuchangotanga kunetswa kwavo kunogona kuchinja mashandiro rose mabasa.

Kurarama hurongwa - ose zvivako dzakaipoteredza isu, asi kwete akasika munhu. Ndivo "mabasa" hunhu. Nemaziso amoeba sero, hofori Conifers, guru yebhuruu hove huru - zvose zvipenyu hurongwa. In zvinenge izvi tine zvakawanda zvinhu nekufambidzana imwe nzira pamwe nemumwe. Ndezvipi mukuru nzira yokurarama nehurongwa? Uye kana izvi zvinoreva pfungwa mapuroteni globules kana mvura mamorekuru? Nekuti ivo ine yoga zvinhu zvakabatana muna kutevedzana. Masayendisiti vanoti zvinonyatsoteerera kuti upenyu inongova akaita zvinhu akanyudzwa mukati cellular marongerwo.

Kwevari sangano zvipenyu nehurongwa

Kurarama hurongwa zvakasikwa zviripo panguva yakasiyana kwevari sangano, izvo zvakasiyana STRUCTURAL zvinhu uye kudyidzana pakati hurongwa hwavo. Molecular ari mumwe wavo, asi ayo chinozvimirira kunze muchitokisi hazvibviri. Chinonyanya kukosha kwacho kuti zvinoitika panguva yakati sandara ino - kuchengetwa uye kutengeswa yokugara zvinhu. Nzira yokurarama gadziriro chinonyanya kuoneka muenzaniso muchitokisi. Kuti chinhu STRUCTURAL uye dzichipfekeka chairema zvose zvipenyu zvose. Kubva masero ine miti, mhuka, notumwe uye utachiona. Anosiyiwa vari nemavhairasi kuti vari dzakaunganidzwa nucleic asidhi mamorekuru uye mapuroteni.

Next pane kuomesa zvipenyu enyika. Masero ikashandiswa kuva jira. Mumwe nomumwe wavo unyanzvi mune imwe basa. The muunganidzwa micheka rinomiririra inotevera chechetere - organismic. Zvisinei, mune hunhu munhu havapo oga. Ivo pamwe chete zvinhu zvisina upenyu. Saka uchingogara kuumba nevanhu-rudzi, biogeocenotic uye biospheric mumatunhu. Yokupedzisira ndiyo yose, kubatanidza zvose zvipenyu kuti agare nzvimbo dzose.

Peculiarities kwemakemikari sezvamunoita

The inokosha ehupfumi yokurarama hurongwa, zvisinei nezera ravo sangano, inozivikanwa, kupfuura zvose, mumwe makemikari anoumba. Hwaro date mamiriro fomu mana namakemikari maatomu akafanana. Ko kabhoni, okisijeni, senitrogen uye rehydrogen. Dzinonzi organogenic. Ivowo, zvinoumba mamorekuru ose biopolymers - mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi, lipids uye nucleic acids.

muviri

Chero muviri mhenyu bwakashama hurongwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti inoitika chinoramba kupanana zvinhu pamwe kwezvakatipoteredza. Kutambirwa nezvinhu, avo kuchinja, excretion yokuguma zvibereko muviri - chinhu chinokosha chinoratidza zvipenyu enyika. Mumuviri, mamorekuru kunzwisisa zviri wakanamatira pakabudiswa womumwe simba rakawanda. Zvakafanira kuti kukura.

Kugona zvichiberekana

Kugona kukura kana tinobereka uye panoda - zviri zvakare nzira dzekuziva kuti vapenyu enyika. ehupfumi izvi zvinopa chamazuva zvese, achiita upenyu panyika yose. Rutoto nzira kunobva STRUCTURAL zvaiva kwemarudzi. Somuenzaniso, mabhakitiriya bereka nokuda kupatsanura muzvitokisi maviri, zvinomera - vegetative uye kushandisa gakava, uye mhuka - zvepabonde.

Pakuberekwa kutsva kunobatsira zvinenge zvakawanda sei kuramba simba ravo yakareba. Kudzorera vakarasika kana kukuvaradzwa nhengo dzomuviri vanokwanisa coelenterates, makonye, nezvinokambaira uye zvirimwa. Kunyanya vachishingaira kupatsanura masero Freshwater hydra, izvo muviri anogona kupora pamwe 1/200 zvikamu.

chitsungo

Ndosaka vanoti sangano - ndihwo upenyu. Kutaura zvazviri, uchifamba muchadenga, mhuka dziri kutsvaka zvokudya, vanhu wechirume, kana mamiriro nani kuvapo. Vamiririri dzavo unicellular akamunzwira organelles - flagella, pseudopods, kana cilia. Chakatishamisa zvinomera zviri achigonawo kutama. Munhu wose akatarisa sezvo mashizha uye maruva kutendeukira kune chiedza, uye matavi mizambiringa entwine chero pemvura. Ndiro kukura chirimwa kufamba.

Kukura

Kukura - the yokusafa ehupfumi zvipenyu enyika. Wokutanga kunosanganisira quantitative kuchinja zvinenge. Growth kunoitika kuburikidza muchitokisi nokupesana. Zvino miti zviri risingagumi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti havana kukura kumarudzi hwavo. Asi mhuka - chete kusvika imwe nguva. Growth achiperekedzwa quantitative kuchinja mumuviri - kukura. Izvi ndizvo kuwana zvakawanda kunzwisisa zvaidiwa sangano uye physiology. Padanho pokumuka zvipenyu kunobva nzvimbo dzavo munyika yacho makemikari nyika. Somuenzaniso, angiosperms hwapedza kwakakurumbira Vongai mberi zviri chidziro, izvo zvinosanganisira kuvapo ruva uye kaviri muchangosangana.

kugumbuka

Chimwe chinhu chinoratidza zvipenyu hurongwa kukwanisa avo kupindura chero kuchinja zvakatipoteredza. pfuma iyi inonzi kugumbuka. Saka, Tulip namaruva akazaruka pakupisa, uye Mimosa mashizha akapeta panguva ikabatwa. In mhuka kushatirwa rinoitwa pachishandiswa tsinga uye kunoratidzwa dziri hunenge. Chikamu chiri chokuziva. Izvi zvinosanganisira kufema, rokudzivirira, kubata, yakayamwa, nekubwaira dzepanguva. Ivo nechokwadi chinhanho kubva maminitsi upenyu chokutanga. Munguva Kuvapo kuchinja mhuka kuwana mhinduro itsva zvounhu.

Properties zvipenyu hurongwa nechokwadi nezvokuvapo dzavo. nomumwe uye nhoroondo kukura. Izvi zvinosanganisira cellular urongwa kubatana makemikari anoumba, muviri, kugona kukura, kukura, budiriro, kushatirwa uye kwadzakabva.