Inorganic kemesitiri - chii ichi? Inorganic kemesitiri muchikoro hweutungamiri

Chemistry kosi muzvikoro kunotanga mugiredhi 8 kudzidza huripo nesayenzi: kutsanangura zvichibvira marudzi zvisungo pakati maatomu, mhando sekristaro lattices uye chinonyanya vanowanzomhanyira zvigadziriswe. Izvi zvinova hwaro adzidze rinokosha, asi chaiwo chikamu - Inorganics.

Chiiko ichi

Inorganic kemesitiri - sayenzi kuti anoona misimboti mamiriro, dzinokosha zvivako uye reactivity periodic table. An rinokosha iri vaitambira Inorganics Periodic Law, izvo anoita hurongwa kupatsanura pakati zvinhu kushandura uremu hwavo, nhamba uye mhando.

The kosi unosanganisira yeimwe inoumbwa zvokuverengera tafura okunze (chete Kusara ndiyo nharaunda Mahydrocarbon, munyaya Organic zvitsauko). Mabasa ari inorganic kemisitiri kubvumira kuzadzisa yokungotaura ruzivo uchidzidzira.

Science munhau maonero

Zita "mashoko inorganic" akazviratidza maererano nemaonero kuti rinotaura chikamu kwemakemikari ruzivo, iyo isina chokuita basa zvipenyu zvipenyu.

Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo zvave vakaratidza kuti vazhinji makemikari nyika zvinogona uye "asiri mupenyu" ane remubatanidzwa, uye chero mhando Mahydrocarbon synthesized murabhoritari. Saka, Ammonium cyanate, izvo munyu kemisitiri zvinhu Wohler German musayendisiti aigona synthesize urea.

Kuti tidzivise kuvhiringidzika pamwe Nomenclature uye kupatsanura pakati mhando Kutsvakurudza sayenzi maviri purogiramu chikoro uye kuyunivhesiti makosi vanofanira kungopa kemisitiri kunosanganisira kudzidza inorganic sechinhu chinokosha chirango. Munyika hwesayenzi achaponeswa zvineringanidzo kutevedzana.

Classes Inorganics

Chemicals inosimbisa yakadaro inopa zvinhu umo yokusuma zvitsauko inorganically funga nguva nenguva mutemo zvinhu. kupatsanura ichi chinokosha mhando, iyo inobva kubvuma kuti maatomu mhosva renyukireya kunyatsobatsira pamusoro zvivako zviri zvinhu uye mashoko nzira siyana cyclically. Pakutanga tafura kuvakwa sezvo kupangidza hombe mabhomba vakawanda okunze, asi nokukurumidza munhu akapiwa kutevedzana chakarambwa nokuda kutadza kwayo muna chinoumba umo zvinoda kufunga nyaya iyi, inorganic nyaya.

Chemistry, kunze periodic table, kunoratidza kuvapo anenge zana zvitarisiko, namasumbu uye calculators kuratidza kakawanda ehupfumi.

Pari yakakurumbira Consolidated shanduro kukurukura pfungwa dzakadai makirasi inorganic kemisitiri. Mbiru petafura zvinhu zviri kutaurwa zvichienderana physico-zvemakemikari ehupfumi, pamitsara - akafanana nomumwe nguva.

Simple zvinhu mu Inorganics

Chiratidzo periodic table uye iri nyore fuma iri pachena mamiriro - kazhinji zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana. Muchiitiko chokutanga hunoratidza chete dzakananga kwemaatomu mhando, rechipiri - zvaimirirwa mukomboni nezvimedu wavo dzekuno kuchinja yakagadzikana siyana.

Chemical Bonding mu nyore zvinhu zvinoita kuti kugovera mhuri. Saka, mapoka maviri paupamhi zvipenyu kwemaatomu zvinogona kupatsanurwa - nesimbi uye vasiri simbi. Mhuri wokutanga unosanganisira 96 nhengo kubva 118 kudzidzwa.

simbi

Metal mhando presupposes richibatanidza tudonhwe chete zita. Kudyidzana kwakavakirwa socialization yekamuri maerekitironi, inozivikanwa omnidirectional uye unsaturated. Ndokusaka simbi dziri conductors nokupisa, nokuchengeta zvakanaka, vane esimbi kubwinya, malleability uye ductility.

Conventionally, nesimbi akasiyiwa periodic table munguva yakananga mutsetse kubva Boron kusvikira astatine. Zvinhu zviri zvakafanana nzvimbo kuti mutsetse uyu, vari muganhu hunhu kakawanda uye vanoratidza duality zvivako (semuenzaniso, germanium).

Nesimbi inokosha fomu mukomboni. The mwero oxidation zvakadaro zvinokuvadza yemanyorero asingadi pfuura zviviri. Under metallicity kunowedzera uye kunodzikira munguva. Somuenzaniso, radioactive francium akava inokosha pfuma pane yavaibvisa uye halogen dzemhuri ayodhini kunyange kuzviratidza esimbi kubwinya.

Zvakasiyana mumakore - apedza sublevels inert magasi, pamberi vari zvinhu pamwe nevakomana ehupfumi. Mugore chinjikira nzvimbo periodic table akaratidza reactivity kuchinja inokosha kubva kune acidic amphoteric kuburikidza. Metals - zvakanaka yokuderedza nevasori (kubvuma maerekitironi pakugadzirwa kusungwa).

Non-simbi

Izvi mhando kwemaatomu zvinosanganisira chikuru makirasi inorganic kemisitiri. Non-nesimbi yepasisa kurutivi rworudyi periodic table, yemanyorero vachiratidza acidic ehupfumi. The anowanzodanwa kuwanikwa umboo okunze ari muchimiro yeimwe vakataurirana (semuenzaniso, borates, sulfates, mvura). In vakasununguka samolecular mamiriro inozivikanwa kuvapo nesarufa, okisijeni uye senitrogen. Panewo akawanda vasiri nesimbi diatomic magasi - kunze maviri ataurwa pamusoro apa, izvi zvinosanganisira rehydrogen, fluoro, Bromo, chloro uye iodo.

Ko zvikuru zvakawanda zvinhu panyika - kunyanya zvakajairika nesilicon, sehydrogen, okisijeni uye kabhoni. Ayodhini, selenium uye Arsenic kuparadzirwa vashomashoma (pano zvinoita kuti zvinosanganisira radioactive nevasina configurations, izvo riri rokupedzisira nguva tafura).

Munguva yeimwe ose nonmetals vanoita runonyanya sezvo acids. Ko oxidants simba nokuda mukana kubatana mimwezve maerekitironi kupedza chechetere.

Complex zvinhu mu Inorganics

Kuwedzera zvinhu izvo anomiririrwa rimwe boka kwemaatomu kusiyanisa yeimwe dzine configurations akawanda akasiyana. Kwakadaro zvinhu zvinogona binary (rinoumbwa nezvimedu zviviri zvakasiyana), mashanu, zvina-maatomu akafanana uye zvichingodaro.

Two-eremendi zvinhu

Of Kunyanya kukosha maererano binarity mamorekuru zvakabatanidzwa kemisitiri. Makirasi inorganic yeimwe dziri kukurukurwa nemaonero kubatana yakaumbwa pakati maatomu. Zvingava Ionic, esimbi, covalent (polar kana nonpolar) kana zvakasiyana. Yemanyorero nevasori vakadaro vanoratidza pachena zvinokosha (nokuti simbi ndiri), amphoteric (hunyambiri - zvechokwadi kunyanya aruminiyamu) kana acidic (kana pane chinhu oxidation ezvinhu +4 kana yakakwirira) unhu.

eremendi shamwari nhatu

Themes zvinopa Inorganic Chemistry nehanya uye ichi mhando nokuwadzana maatomu. The yeimwe ine mapoka anopfuura maviri kwemaatomu (kazhinji inorganic kubata-chidimbu matatu mhando) vari yemanyorero akaumbwa chikamu yenhengo zvakasiyana yekudyidzana kubva mumwe mune physicochemical parameters.

Mhando Possible pakukurukurirana - covalent, Ionic uye zvakasiyana. Kazhinji,-maatomu akafanana zvitatu zvacho maitiro akafanana binary chokuti rimwe interatomic mauto zvikuru kusimba mumwe: zvishoma vanowanika kechipiri uye anokwanisa dissociate muna mhinduro nokukurumidza.

Makirasi Inorganic Chemistry

Ruzhinji huru akadzidza ari kosi inorganic zvinhu zvinogona kunzi kwenguva nyore kupatsanura maererano sezvamunoita dzavo uye zvivako. Saka, kusiyanisa hydroxides, acids, oxides uye munyu. Kukurukura ukama hwavo zviri nani kutanga sumo kuti pfungwa oxidised siyana, izvo zvinogona chero inorganic zvinhu. The kemesitiri neshamwari dzakadaro inokurukurwa muzvitsauko pamusoro oxides.

oxides

Oxide ndiyo remubatanidzwa chero makemikari chinhu pamwe okisijeni iri oxidation wehurumende yakaenzana -2 (sezvo peroxides -1 azvaitwa). Bond inotungamirwa kunoitika nokuda Erekitironi zvazvinoita uye rutapudzo rahwo O ₂ (uko vakawanda electronegative maatomu akafanana ndizvo okisijeni).

Uye angava acidic, uye amphoteric, uye dzinokosha zvivako zvichienderana boka kwemaatomu rechipiri. Kana simbi iyi iri oxide hazvirevi kupfuudza +2 oxidation mamiriro, kana asiri-metal - kubva 4 uye kumusoro. The mimwe chete parameters pakati hunyambiri hunhu yakawana ukoshi 3.

acid Inorganics

Acidic yeimwe nemapinduriro svikiro vari asingasviki 7 ne hydrogen zviri cations izvo vaende mhinduro uye zvadaro chikatsiviwa simbi Ion. Maererano kupatsanura vari kunzwisisa zvinhu. Vazhinji acids zvinogona vakazvigadzirirwa pakubvisa nemvura unoenderana oxides, semuenzaniso, pakugadzirwa sulfuric asidhi mushure hydration pakati SO _3.

Basic Inorganic Chemistry

The ehupfumi of yeimwe kwakadai nokuda pamberi hydroxyl kukuru OH runovabvumira maitiro ezvinhu pamusoro 7. zvigadziko alkali-soluble vakadamwa, ndivo zvakawanda mukirasi iyi zvinhu nekuda kwakakwana dissociation (manyowa mukati ions vari mvura). OH boka pakugadzirwa munyu zvinogona kutsiviwa acidic residues.

Inorganic kemesitiri - a nesayenzi hunyambiri kuti anogona kutsanangura nyaya yacho nemamwe maonero. In Nemuromo chawo protolytic sechinhu rehydrogen acceptors nokuo- nga. Izvi kunosvika pfungwa mukirasi iyi zvinhu, alkali kudana chero fuma kuti anogona kugamuchira hwepurotoni.

munyu

Izvi mhando yeimwe inowanikwa pakati nezvigadziko uye acids, sezvo chibereko kudyidzana kwavo. Saka, sezvo nokuo- nga yemanyorero anoshanda resimbi Ion (dzimwe nguva Ammonium, phosphonium kana hydronium) uyewo anionic zvinhu - asidhi vakasara. Kana munyu inotungamirwa kuchatsiviwa rehydrogen nomumwe fuma.

Zvichienderana nhamba reagents uye simba panyaya mumwe zvakanyanya kubata mhando dzakawanda kuita zvinhu:

• dzinokosha munyu vari vakawana kana hydroxyl mapoka vasiri zvachose kuchiiswa (zvakadai zvinokuvadza vari alkaline maitiro svikiro);
• acidic munyu vari kuumbwa mune vakomana nyaya - pamwe nokushayikwa reactive rehydrogen zvishomanana chawo anoramba ari kubatana;
• kupfuura kuzivikanwa uye nyore kunzwisisa vari Avharenji (kana chakaipa) mharidzo - ndivo kungoerekana wakakwana neutralization reagents yokuumba mvura uye pfuma pamwe chete resimbi nokuo- nga kana analogue zvayo uye iine acid moiety.

Inorganic kemesitiri - sayenzi kuti kunosanganisira kupatsanura boka rimwe nerimwe kupinda zvimedu, izvo inokurukurwa panguva dzakasiyana: mumwe - pamberi vamwe - akazotevera. Pamusangano kudzika kudzidza kusiyanisa kunyange 4 marudzi munyu:

• Dual ane chete anion iri pamberi cations maviri. Yemanyorero zvinhu zvakadai dzinokonzerwa kubatanidzwa nomumwe munyu maviri pamwe chete iine acid vakasara, asi simbi dzakasiyana.
• Mixed zvinopesana yapfuura mumwe ndiwo hwaro chete nokuo- nga chete anions maviri akasiyana.
• Crystalline hydrates - munyu, iri nzira iyo mvura iri crystalline wehurumende.
• Zvivako - nezvinhu apo nokuo- nga, anion kana vaviri anomiririrwa muchimiro masumbu pamwe jenareta. munyu kwakadaro kunogona kugadzirirwa advantageously kubva zvenyaya subgroup B.

Sezvo zvimwe zvinhu ari musangano musi Inorganic Chemistry, izvo zvinogona semhosva munyu kana sezvo nomumwe zvitsauko zivo inogona kutaurwa hydrides, nitrides, carbides uye intermetallic yeimwe (yeimwe chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi anoverengeka, asiri chiwanikwa).

zvabuda

Inorganic kemesitiri - sayenzi kuti inofarirwa ose nyanzvi mune nzvimbo iyi, zvisinei zvavanofarira. Chinosanganisira chitsauko chokutanga, akadzidza pachikoro chino. Weboka Inorganic Chemistry inopa systematization makuru vhoriyamu mashoko maererano zvakajeka uye zviri nyore kupatsanura.