Nyaya yokudzidza General Biology ari mamwe pezvakaitwa kuti zvinokonzera kuti chinonakidza muupenyu

Natural ndomumwe zvidzidzo inokosha nzvimbo nesayenzi vokutanga, asi wavawo ichocho chinokosha kukura yebudiriro yedu kwete chete. Nyaya yokudzidza General Biology ari mamwe pezvakaitwa kuti zvinokonzera kuti chinonakidza muupenyu. Chief pakati pazvo: kubereka uye ontogenesis, nhodzera uye kushanduka, nhoroondo kukura zvinomera nemhuka marudzi uye dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Munyaya ino tichakurukura navo zvizere.

Basa rwokuzvarwa nhoroondo nyaya kukura vanhu

sayenzi aishanda chaivo vari mubasa anobatsira kudzidza pamusoro mananara zvakasikwa, vachishandisa mibairo pokumuka maindasitiri ano vakawanda zvipenyu - sero uye kuvabereki engineering, hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu, uye vanogara genetics. Kukurumidza Kugadzirwa maindasitiri ano uye kwemasayendisiti kwenyika dzepasi pose mune upfumi munyika vari kumanikidza masayendisiti wokuita zvakakomba tsvakurudzo pamusoro nyaya kwezvakatipoteredza kuchengeteka dzinongoitika gadziriro.

Sezvo zviri nyore sainzi, mukuru zvipenyu zvidzidzo zvikuru kunzwisisa nemamiriro sangano upenyu: vemo-marudzi, uyewo yakasiyana siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza gadziriro uye biosphere.

Nhoroondo kukura ruzivo zvoutachiona

The sainzi kuti kudzidza hunhu waro kusiyana zvose, akaberekwa pakadzika ruzivo kwevanhu achibatsirwa nevazivi wokuGirisi yekare uye Roma, asi pakuzivikanwa se zvipenyu chete XIX remakore, kuburikidza mabasa J. Lamarck uye G. Treviranus. Mumwe mukuru anoranga ayo vaiona taxonomy kunobva C. Linnaeus, uye Morphology, huchibva iri akadhindwa pakati Hippocrates, Galen uye Aesculapius.

The chinhu kudzidza vakawanda zvipenyu ndiko kusimbisa kubatana zvipenyu panguva samolecular pakutanga, uye zvino - panguva cellular chechetere. The chidzoke munhu yesayenzi yechokwadi, yakataurwa kuRussia anodavira PF Goryaninovym uye masayendisiti German M. Schleiden uye T. Schwann akaratidza kuti chikuru chimiro choupenyu Panyika - ndiyo sero. R. Virchow akafunga nheyo "wevapenyu - kubva kurarama" hwogumisa kukurukurirano nezvomukana vaingoerekana chizvarwa masayendisiti zvipenyu kubva panyaya nonliving.

Cytology ne nzira dzakadai centrifugation, Erekitironi microscopy, tracer nzira, kudzidza maumbirwo prokaryotes uye masero nucleated uye ndiyo hwaro pokumuka nyaya dzinobatsira rwokuzvarwa sayenzi: histology, genetics, maberekero.

metabolic misimboti pakurarama nehurongwa

General zvipenyu zvidzidzo kwete chete makemikari anoumba uye maumbirwo zvipenyu, asiwo kwemasayendisiti kuti zvinokonzera muviri wavo. Nemakemikari omuviri kumisa regularities pamusoro anabolic siyana, akadai photosynthesis mune miti. uyewo Inoongorora puroteni biosynthesis (transcription uye urongwa shanduro), anosarudza mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa zvinoitwa dissimilation ichipa zvakakodzera simba kuchengeterwa masero sezvo mamorekuru pamusoro NADPH uye ATP.

Sezvo chinangwa nokudzidza vakawanda zvipenyu zviri samolecular pamwero upenyu, zvinoguma maitiro catabolism. Under Kurovedza ezvinhu, mhuka sero synthesizes 36 moles pakati ATP kubva neimwe morekuru shuga iri zvinoitwa Krebs kutenderera.

Zvinomera notumwe mune zvaiitwa simba muviri ari anaerobic ezvinhu uyewo anamatire C ₃ H ₄ O ₃ ethyl doro, uye akabvumira - kune lactic acid. Asi nguva dzose, kuti synthesized mamorekuru mhaka simba - adenosine triphosphate.

Sezvaunogona kuona, nyaya yokudzidza General Biology chinhu mashandiro kuti muviri. The vamiririri mhuka iye rinobuda pamwe kutora chikamu makemikari ose nokukanganisika anotenderera zvakafanana. Izvi zvinoratidza kubatana matangiro akaita upenyu kubva nevakariri yemadzitateguru muchitokisi siyana. In zvakakwana muudzame nyaya akafukidza muchikamu chino rwokuzvarwa sayenzi dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka.

Kunyatsogona vakawanda zvipenyu

zita iri rine zvoga kuranga chikoro kwakamboitwa zvezvaidzidziswa, kutanga kugiredhi 9. Nemhaka nesayenzi uye didactic nenheyo chamazuva, vokusekondari kudzidza pamusoro mhuka, uchishandisa zivo weboka bhotani, zvemhuka, anatomi. Kuumba mufananidzo wakakwana yezvakaita vana - huru rokudzidzisa basa.

Zvinokosha cytology, ontogeny, mifananidzo nhaka - kuti kudzidza talk zvipenyu. Topics kupedza kuti nhoroondo kukura makemikari nyika uye zvinokosha ikoroji, kutungamirira chakakura budiriro mupfungwa vadzidzi uye zvinobatsira kuti pahunhu unhu hwavo.