Linear accelerators yezvakatorwa zvikamu. Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa sei nekaseti accelerators inoshanda. Sei tichida accelerators yezvakapomerwa zvikamu?

Izvo zvinokonzerwa nemagetsi zvinokonzerwa nemagetsi anokonzerwa neatomic kana subatomic particles zvinoshandiswa, zvichifamba nemagetsi ekudzivirira. Nheyo yebasa rake ndowokuwedzera simba ravo negwenje remagetsi uye kushandura trajectory - magnetic.

Nei tichida kubhadhara zvinyorwa zvinonzi accelerators?

Izvi zvakashandiswa zvakajeka mumasangano akasiyana-siyana wesayenzi uye indasitiri. Kusvika iye zvino, kune vanopfuura 30 000 vavo munyika yose. Nokuti fisiksiki, inokonzerwa-iyo-particle accelerators inoshandiswa senzvimbo yezvidzidzo zvepamusoro zvehutano hweatomu, mararamiro ezvombo zvenyukireya, uye nhengo dzemuviri dzisingabviri mune zvisikwa. Izvozvo zvinosanganisira transuranium nezvimwe zvinhu zvisingachinji.

Nekubatsira kwekubuda kwetamu, yakave yakakwanisa kuziva chirevo chaicho. Particle accelerators inoshandiswawo pakugadzirwa kwema radioisotopes, industrial radiography, therapy rayation, sterilization of biological materials, uye radiocarbon analysis. Zvivako zvakakura zvikuru zvinoshandiswa mune zvidzidzo zvekubatana kukuru.

Nguva yehupenyu yezvakanyorwa zvezvikamu, izvo zviri zororo pfupi neyekuwedzera, zviduku pane zviduku zvinopararira kusvika kumhepo dzinenge dziri pedyo nekukurumidza kwechiedza. Izvi zvinotsigira kuwirirana kwezvenguva zvenguva ye SRT. Somuenzaniso, paCERN, mararamiro eupenyu muon akawedzerwa nechikamu che 29 pachiyero che 0.9994c.

Ichi chinyorwa chinosangana nemanzwiro ekuti iyo inonzi charged particle accelerator, kukurudzirwa kwayo, marudzi akasiyana-siyana uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinorongwa uye zvinoshandiswa.

Nheyo dzekukurumidza

Pasinei nokuti zvii zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari akaparidzirwa kwauri, zvose zvine zvinhu zvinowanikwa. Kutanga, vose vanofanira kuva ne electron inowanikwa mune terevhizheni yemifananidzo yeTV kana ma electron, proton uye zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa mumatambudziko makuru. Mukuwedzera, ivo vose vanofanira kunge vane magetsi emagetsi ekufambisa chese uye magnetic minda yekudzora tsvina yavo. Pamusoro pezvo, kuvhara mumhepo inotengesa zvinyorwa (10 ^-11 mm Hg), kureva, chiyero chakanaka chemhepo yakasara, inofanirwa kuchengetedza hupenyu hurefu hwemiti. Uye, pakupedzisira, zvivako zvose zvinofanira kunge zvine nzira yekurekora, kuverenga uye kuenzanisa kukurumidza kwezvinhu.

Chizvarwa

Maekironi nema protonti, ayo anowanzoshandiswa mumagetsi, anowanikwa mune zvinhu zvose, asi kutanga vanotanga kuve kurega navo. Maekironi, sekutonga, anogadzirwa nenzira imwecheteyo sekiinescope - mune chimwe chinhu chinonzi "gun". Icho chiri cathode (electrode yakaipa) muvharo, iyo inopisa kune imwe nyika apo magetsi anotanga kuparadzana kubva maatomu. Zvisingabhadharwi zvikamu zvinokwevera kune anode (positive electrode) uye kupfuura nepakati. Iyo pfuti pachayo ndiyo yakajeka yakanyanyisa, sezvo ma electrons ari kufamba pasi pechiito chebasa remagetsi. Mhepo iri pakati pe cathode uye anode, sekutonga, iri pakati pe50-150 kV.

Mukuwedzera kune magetsi, zvinhu zvose zvine proton, asi inongo imwe chete yemaatomu ehydrogeni ine mapurotoni chete. Nokudaro, iyo inokonzerwa nezvikamu zveproton accelerators ndiyo hydrogen gesi. Muchiitiko ichi, gesi isoni uye i protononi inobva mumuganhu. Mumakemikari makuru, maprotoni anowanzoumbwa nenzira isina kunaka ye hydrogen ions. Izvo maatomu ane elektrononi yakawedzerwa, iyo inogadzirwa ne ionization ye diatomic gas. Iine hydrogen ions inokanganisa zvakashata pamatanho ekutanga zviri nyore kushanda. Zvadaro vanopfuura nepakati pepandepa yakaoma, iyo inodzivisa ivo ve electron pamberi pechigarire chokupedzisira.

Overclocking

Izvo zvinokonzerwa sei cheklasi accelerators inoshanda? Chimwe chinhu chinokosha cheimwe yeiyi magetsi. Muenzaniso wakareruka ndeyomufananidza mumunda pakati pezvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka magetsi, zvakangofanana neaya aripo pakati pemagetsi ebheteri remagetsi. Mumunda wakadaro, electrononi inotakura zvinhu zvisina kunaka inotungamirirwa nechisimba chechiremera chinotungamira icho chakanaka. Inokurumidza kufambisa, uye kana pasina chimwe chekudzivirira, iyo inokurumidza uye simba rinowedzera. Maekironi anotamira kune chimwe chinhu chakanaka pamwe chete netambo kana kunyange mumhepo inoputika neatomu uye inorasikirwa nemasimba, asi kana iri mumhepo, inokurumidzira sezvainoenda kune anode.

Izvo simba pakati penzvimbo yekutanga uye yekupedzisira ye electron inotora simba rawana. Paunofamba nepakati pane kusiyana kwe 1 V, i1 electron-volt (eV). Izvi zvakaenzana ne 1.6 × 10 ^-19 joules. Simba reumhutu unobhururuka chiuru chetatu chakawanda. Mune kinescope, masikironi anoshamiswa nemagetsi anopfuura 10 kV. Many accelerator inosvika simba rakakura, rakayerwa ne mega-, giga- uye tera-electron volts.

Mhando

Mamwe emhando dzekutanga-kare dzakatengesa zvinyorwa zvinonzi accelerators, zvakadai sekuwedzera kwemhepo uye Van de Graaff jenereta, yakashandiswa nguva dzose magetsi emagetsi anogadzirwa nezvikwanisa kusvika kusvika mamiriyoni volts. Nezvikwereti zvakakwirira zvakadaro hazvisi nyore kushanda. Pane imwe nzira inoshandiswa ndeyekuti zvinodzokororwa zvinokonzerwa nekushaya simba magetsi masimba zvakagadzirwa nepamusoro. Iyi nheyo inoshandiswa mumhando mbiri dzemazuva ano accelerators - mutsara uye maitiro (zvikurukuru muyclotrons uye synchrotrons). Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa nemichina inokanganisa zvinyorwa, muchidimbu, dzipembedze kamwe chete kuburikidza nekuenzanisa kwekukurumidza kumunda, asi mu cyclic vanowanzofambidzana neyenderedzwa yerutenderedzwa kuburikidza nemagetsi mashoma emagetsi. Muzviitiko zvose izvi, simba rekupedzisira rezvikamu zvinotsamira pakuita kwemasango, kuitira kuti zviduku zvishoma "jerks" zviwedzerwe pamwechete kuti zvive nemigumisiro yeimwe guru.

Nhengo yakadzokororwa yemagetsi anokonzerwa nekugadzirwa kwemagetsi masango zvinoreva kushandiswa kwemhepo inoshandiswa, kwete nguva dzose. Zvimwe zvinokonzerwa zvikamu zvinokurumidza kusvika pane zvinogona kuipa uye kuwana pfupa idzva kana zvikapfuura neicho chakanaka. Mukuita, iyo magetsi inofanira kuchinja nekukurumidza. Somuenzaniso, paine simba reMeV, proton inofamba nepamusoro-soro, ichiita 0.46 mara kasi yechiedza, inopfuura 1.4 m mu 0.01 ms. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mune chimiro chinodzokorora chemamiriyoni emamita murefu, masimi emagetsi anofanirwa kuchinja kutungamira neanowanzoita anenge 100 MHz. Mitsara uye mabhasiki ekugadzirisa zvinokonzerwa nemakumbo, sekutonga, kuparadzira ivo nekubatsirwa kwekushandura magetsi emagetsi nemafunguro kubva pa100 kusvika ku 3000 MHz, kureva, kubva kumafungu eredhiyo kusvika kuma microwave.

Electromagnetic wave is a combination of alternating electric and magnetic fields, oscillating perpendicular to each other. Chinhu chinokosha chekugadzirisa zvinokonzerwa nekugadzirisa kweguruva kuitira kuti kana chidimbu chichisvika magetsi eguta rinotungamirirwa maererano nekufambisa vector. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa nekubatsirwa kwemaimiriro amire-kusanganiswa kwemafungu achifamba nenzira yakatarisana munzvimbo yakavharwa, semafungu emhepo mumutumbi wehupi. Imwe nzira inogona kushandiswa pakufambisa zvikuru magetsi, ayo anowirirana ari kuuya nekukurumidza kwechiedza, inhambo inofamba.

Autophasing

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha mukukurumidza mune imwe shanduro yemagetsi ndeye "kuzvipira". Mune imwe sarcillation cycle, shanduko inoshanduka inobva ku zero kuburikidza nehuwandu hwepamusoro zvakare kusvika zero, inodonha kusvika pachidiki, uye inosvika ku zero. Nokudaro, inopfuura kaviri kuburikidza nehutano hunodikanwa pakuwedzerwa. Kana chidimbu chinomhanya chichiwedzera, chinosvika kare-kare, saka hachingasisina munda wekukwanisa simba, uye kuputika kuchave kusina simba. Apo inosvika pane chikamu chinotevera, inenge ichinonoka uye ichava nemigumisiro yakasimba. Somugumisiro, kuzvikwidziridza kuchaitika, zvikamu zvichange zviri muchikamu nemunda munharaunda imwe neimwe inowedzera. Chimwe chiitiko ichave kuve nekubatana kwavo munguva nekugadzirwa kwemafuti, pane kungoenderera mberi.

Beam direction

Basa rinokosha mukushandiswa kwokuti accelerator yezvakagadziriswa zvikamu zvakarongwa uye inoshandiswa inotambidzwa nemaginiseti masimiro, sezvo inogona kuchinja kutungamirirwa kwekufamba kwavo. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanogona kushandiswa "kukotamisa" matanda ari munzira yakatenderera kuitira kuti vafambe kakawanda kuburikidza nechikamu chakafanana chinowedzera. Muchiitiko chakareruka, musimba unoita zvakananga kumativi ose e displacement vector uye munda unobata pane chekiti chakatengesa chiri kufamba chakarurama kumakumbo kusvika kutungamiri ye uniform magnetic field. Izvi zvinokonzera danda kuti rifambire munzira yakatenderera inotenderera kumunda, kusvikira yasiya nzvimbo yechiratidzo chayo, kana imwe simba rinotanga kuita mairi. Izvi zvinoshandiswa mumagetsi ekugadzirisa, zvakadai se cyclotron uye synchrotron. Mu cyclotron, inogara magnetic field inoita magnetic field nguva dzose. Zvinyorwa sezvavanokura simba ravo vachifamba mumhepo kunze, zvichikurumidza nekushanduka. Mu synchrotron, mabhonji anofamba-famba akapoteredza chindori ne-radius nguva dzose, uye munda wakagadzirwa nemagetsi ese anosvika kumhete inowedzera sezvo zvikamu zvinowedzera. Magnetsi anopa "bend" ndiyo dipoles nechekumusoro uye kumaodzanyemba matanda akaiswa mumhando yehavi yehhashi nenzira yakadai kuti danda rinogona kudarika pakati pavo.

Basa rechipiri rinokosha remagetsi emagetsi nderokudzivirira kwematanda, zvekuti ivo vakaderera uye vane simba sezvavanogona. Nzira yakajeka yekumhanya magetsi ine mapuranga mana (maviri kuchamhembe uye maviri kumaodzanyemba) akatarisana. Vanosundira zvidimbu kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo mune rumwe rutivi, asi vanovabvumira kupararira mune imwe nzira inotenderera. Quadrupole magnet anongedza danda iri mberi, achibvumira kuti ribude kubva pakatarisa. Nokuda kweizvi vanofanira kushandiswa muviri. Kuti uwedzere kunyatsoona, magetsi akawanda akaoma ane mapurisa akawanda (6 ne8) anoshandiswa zvakare.

Sezvo simba rezvikamu zvinowedzera, simba re magnetic field rinovatungamirira rinowedzera. Izvi zvinoita kuti danda rive munzira imwe chete. Iboka racho rinopindirwa mukati mechindori uye rinokurumidza kusvika kune simba rinotarisirwa risati rasunungurwa uye rinoshandiswa muongororo. Kuregera kunowanikwa nemagetsi emagetsi, anoshandurwa kuti adzinge zvinyorwa kubva munheyo yechinchrononi.

Collision

Particle accelerators inoshandiswa mumishonga nemakambani zvinowanzogadzira danda rechinangwa chairo, somuenzaniso, kweradio inonzi radiation kana ion implantation. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvikamu zvinoshandiswa kamwechete. Kwemakore akawanda, zvimwechetezvo zvakaitika kune accelerators inoshandiswa mukutsvakurudza kwekutanga. Asi mumakore ekuma1970, zvindori zvakagadziridzwa umo miviri miviri inopararira nenzira dzakatarisana uye inokonzera zvose pamusoro pemutsetse. Kubudirira kukuru kwekugadziriswa kwakadaro ndeyekuti, mumusoro-pakakoromoka, simba rezvikamu zvinopinda zvakananga mune simba rekubatana pakati pavo. Izvi zvinopesana nezvinoitika apo danda rinoputirana nemashoko ekuzorora: munyaya iyi, simba guru rinoenda kuunza chinangwa chekutsvaga mukufamba, maererano nemirairo yekuchengetedza kwekumhanya.

Imwe mimwe mitambo ine kubhururuka yakagadzirwa nemarin'i maviri anotenderera munzvimbo mbiri kana kupfuura umo zvinyorwa zvechimiro chakafanana zvinopararira nenzira dzakasiyana. Colliders ane zvipembenene uye antiparticles zvakawanda. Icho chinopisa chinokonzera zvakasiyana chechidimbu chinosvika kwairi. Somuenzaniso, positron inobhadharwa zvakanaka, uye electron haina kunaka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munda unokurumidza kupera electroni inoderedza positron inofamba nenzira imwechete. Asi kana iyo yekupedzisira ichienda kune imwe nzvimbo, iyo ichakurumidza kuwedzera. Saizvozvowo, electronsi inofamba ichienda kune magnetic field ichakotamira kuruboshwe, uye positron kurudyi. Asi kana positron ichienda kunosangana, nzira yayo icharamba ichitsaukira kurudyi, asi pamwe chete nemhete imwechete se electron. Pamwe chete, izvi zvinoreva kuti izvi zvikamu zvinogona kufamba pamwe neketani ye synchrotron pamusana pemagetsi ezvo uye inokurumidza kufanana nemagetsi emagetsi akadaro. Nenheyo iyi, vazhinji vane simba rakagadziriswa vanogadzirwa pakurongedza miti, sezvo imwe chete yekamberi inotarisirwa.

Iyo danda mu synchrotron haifambi ichienderera mberi, asi yakabatanidzwa kuva "mazamu". Vanogona kuva nemamita masendimita pakureba uye chegumi chemlimita mamita, uye vane 10 10 particles. Icho chidiki shomanana, nokuti mune chimwe chinhu chakakosha zvakafanana chinenge anenge 10 maatomu makumi maviri nemaviri. Nokudaro, kana mapuranga akabatana nekukwirirana kwemiti, pane zvishoma zvingaita kuti zvikamu zvichitaurirana. Mukuita, mavharidzi anoenderera mberi achifamba nechende uye anosangana zvakare. Kuvhara kwakadzika mumutengo weakisi inonzi accelerator (10 ^-11 mm Hg) inofanirwa kubvumira kuti zvikamu zvipararire kwemaawa mazhinji pasina kutarisana nemhepo mamolekoro. Nokudaro, zvindori zvinonziwo zvindori zvinowanikwa, sezvo miti yakachengetwa mairi kwemaawa akawanda.

Registration form

Accelerators yezvipembenene zvinowanikwa muzhinji vanogona kunyoresa chiitiko pakurohwa kwezvikamu muzvitsva kana mune imwe bundle inofamba kune imwe yakatarisana. Mune terevhizheni mufananidzo tube, magetsi anobva pfuti anorohwa mu phosphor mukati memukati kwechinhu ichi uye anobudisa chiedza, izvo zvino zvinotorazve mufananidzo wakaendeswa. Mune accelerators, idzi dzinoona zvakagadziriswa dzinopinda pane dzakapararira, asi dzinowanzogadzirirwa kubudisa zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinogona kushandurwa kuti zvive pakombiyuta data uye kuongororwa uchishandisa mapurogiramu emakombiyuta. Zvinhu zvinokonzerwa chete zvinokonzera zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinopfuura nemashoko acho, somuenzaniso, neinofadza kana ionizing atomu, uye inogona kuonekwa zvakananga. Neutral particles, zvakadai se-neutron kana photons, inogona kuonekwa nenzira isina kukodzera kuburikidza nemafambiro ezvinyorwa zvinopomerwa zvinotungamirirwa navo.

Kune dzakawanda dzakawanda zvekucherechedza. Mamwe acho, akafanana nekambani yeGeiger, kungoverenga zvinyorwa, asi mamwe anoshandiswa, somuenzaniso, kunyora manyore, kuenzana nekukurumidza kana kuwanda kwesimba. Mazuva ano zviyero zvekuona uye teknolojia kubva pane zviduku-zvakabatanidzwa zvigadziri kumakamuri makuru-azere makamera nematairi anoona mararamiro eoni anogadzirwa nemhosva yezvikamu.

Nhoroondo

Accelerators yezvipembenene zvinokonzerwa zvakanyanya zvakagadzirirwa kutsvakurudza kwezvinhu zve atomic nuclei uye elementary particles. Kubvira pakakawanikwa muBritish physicist Ernest Rutherford muna 1919, maitiro emukati we nitrogen uye alpha zvinyorwa, zvose zvitsvakurudzo mufizikiki yenyukireya kusvika muna 1932 zvakaitwa ne helium nuclei yakabudiswa semugumisiro wekuora kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvinodhaka. Zvinhu zvemavara ega alpha zvine simba reMe 8, asi Rutherford aidavira kuti kuti aone kuora kweiyo nuclei zvakakosha kuti zvikurumidze kuwedzeredza kusvika kune zvakakosha zvikuru. Panguva iyoyo yakaita seoma. Zvisinei, kuverenga kwakaitwa muna 1928 neGeorgy Gamow (paYunivhesiti yeGöttingen, Germany) kwakaratidza kuti ions ane simba rakanyanya kuderera inogona kushandiswa, uye izvi zvakakurudzira kuedza kuvaka chivako chakapa danda rakakwana nokuda kwekutsvaga kwekireya.

Zvimwe zviitiko zvezvenyaya iyi zvakaratidza mazano ayo accelerators emhosva yezvinyorwa zvakavakirwa kusvikira nhasi. Kuedza kwekutanga kwekubudirira kwakaitwa nemaononi akakurumidza kugadzirwa neCockcroft naWalton muna 1932 kuCambridge University. Vachishandisa kuwedzera kwemhepo, vakafambisa mapurotoni kusvika kune 710 keV uye vakaratidza kuti iyo yekupedzisira inogadzirisa neyitium nucleus kuti iite maviri alpha particles. Pakazosvika 1931, paYunivhesiti yePrinceton muNew Jersey, Robert Van de Graaf akavaka bhenji rekutanga rekugadzira magetsi rine simba rakakura. Cokroft-Walton magetsi uye van de Graaff jenereta achiri kushandiswa semagetsi emagetsi ekufambisa.

Nheyo yerinarine resonance accelerator yakaratidzwa naRolf Wideröe muna 1928. PaRhinine-Westphalian Technical University muAachen, Germany, akashandisa kuwedzera kwemafuta kuti awedzere simba reyoda uye potassium kune simba zvakapetwa kaviri kwavari. Muna 1931, muUnited States, Ernest Lawrence uye mubatsiri wake David Sloan weYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Berkeley, akashandisa zvakanyanya-frequency minda kuti iwedzere mercury ions kune simba kupfuura 1.2 MeV. Basa iri rakatsigirwa ne-accelerator yezvinorema zvakapomerwa zvikamu Wideröe, asi maiti emiti haana kubatsira mukutsvakurudza kwenyukireya.

A magnetic resonance accelerator, kana cyclotron, yakagamuchirwa naLawrence sekushandurwa kweWideröe installation. Mumwe mudzidzi weLawrence Livingston akaratidza cyclotron principle muna 1931, kubudisa ions nesimba rema80V. Muna 1932, Lawrence na Livingston vakataura kuti kukurumidza kweprotoni kunopfuura 1 MeV. Gare gare muma1930, iyo cyclotron energy yakazosvika 25 MeV, uye Van de Graaff generator anenge 4 MeV. Muna 1940 Donald Kerst, achishandisa migumisiro yekunyatsocherechedza kwemaitiro ekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, akavaka betatron yekutanga kuYunivhesiti yeIllinois, magnetic induction electron accelerator.

Mazuva ano physics: accelerators yezvinokanganisa zvikamu

Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, sayenzi yekukurumidza kuwedzera mashizha kune simba rakakwirira yakafambira mberi nokukurumidza. Akatanga Edwin Macmillan kuBerkeley uye Vladimir Veksler kuMoscow. Muna 1945, vose vari vaviri vakasununguka vakatsanangura chirevo chechikamu chekugadzikana. Iyi pfungwa inopa nzira yekuchengetedza mararamiro akachengetedzeka ezvinyorwa muchitenderedzwa checclic, iyo yakabvisa kugadziriswa kwesimba reprotoni uye yakabvumira kugadzirwa kwe magnetic resonance accelerators (synchrotrons) ye electrons. Kushandura kwekuita, kushandiswa kweshoko rekugadzikana kwechikamu, kwakasimbiswa mushure mekuvakwa kwechinyorwa chinonzi synchrocyclotron paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia uye synchrotron muEngland. Nguva pfupi mushure meizvi, yekutanga proton linear resonant accelerator yakasikwa. Iyi nheyo inoshandiswa mune yose yakakura yeproton syntchrotrons yakavakwa kubvira ipapo.

Muna 1947, William Hansen, paStanford University muKalifornia, akavaka yekutanga electron accelerator pamhepo inofamba, achishandisa microwave teknolojia, yakagadzirirwa radar munguva yeChipiri Yenyika Yenyika.

Kufambira mberi mukutsvakurudza kwakagadziriswa kuburikidza nekuwedzera simba reprotoni, izvo zvakatungamirira pakuvakwa kweiyo yakawanda inokurumidza kuwedzera. Izvi zvakasimiswa nemari yakakwirira yekuita mabhii makuru emakona. Iyo yakakura yakawanda inenge 40 000 tani. Nzira dzekuwedzera simba risina kuwedzera huwandu hwemichina dzakaratidzwa muna 1952 na Livingston, Courant uye Snyder mune shanduro yekushandura kuisa pfungwa (dzimwe nguva kunonzi kusimba zvakasimba). Synchrotrons ari kushanda panyaya iyi anoshandisa magetsi zvishoma zvishoma katatu kupfuura kare. Kuisa pfungwa kwakadaro kunoshandiswa mune ma synchrotrons ose emazuva ano.

Muna 1956 Kerst akacherechedza kuti kana zvikamu zviviri zvezvikamu zvikabatanidzwa mumitambo inopindirana, munhu anogona kuona kuwirirana kwavo. Kushandiswa kweiyi pfungwa yaida kuti kuwedzerwa kwemiti yakakurumidza mumitambo inonzi yakagadziriswa. Iyi teknolojia yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuwana hukuru hwekubatana kwemazana ezvinyorwa.