"Anna Karenina" ndiani akanyora? "Anna Karenina" (Leo Tolstoy): chidimbu

Mabhuku echiRussia ave achikoshesa zvikuru kubvira kare kare. Basa rakanaka revanyori havana kukunda nyika imwe chete munyika uye vakava vanyengeri chaizvo. Kubva pane zvinangwa zvemabasa mazhinji, mafirimu akakurumbira akafuridzirwa - vekutanga vanotora nzvimbo inotungamira mukusarudzwa kwekanakisisa. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy haasi iyeye. Ndiye munyori weRussia akasiyana, akasika zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinoshamisa. Pakati pavo, zvakanyatsojeka zvakadai se "Anna Karenina", "Hondo uye Rugare", "Kumuka" nevamwe.

Nhasi muzvikoro, dzidzai mabasa a Leo Tolstoy. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti ivo vanotakura zvinoreva zvakadzama, vanogona kudzidzisa chizvarwa chechiduku chokwadi chehupenyu uye kuti vawane mafungiro ose aya akanyorwa nevarume vane tarenda. Kazhinji mubvunzo unomuka pamusoro pebasa "Anna Karenina": "Ndiani akanyora inoveli yaMwari?" Pamusoro pebhuku rakanaka, Tolstoy akashanda kwemakore mana. Muna 1878, shanduro yekutanga yenhamba yemoyo yakaitwa.

Mhedzisiro yeakanakisa

Mune mumwe musi waFebruary, Leo Tolstoy akave nepfungwa yekunyora nhoroondo pamusoro pehukama hwevatongi, hupenyu hwehupenyu, asi akaziva kurota kwake makore matatu gare gare. Kwapera nguva yakati, mushure mekunge apedzisa bhuku, akaedza kuifaridzira mu "Russian Herald", uye pfungwa yacho yakanga iri kubudirira - yekutanga yevhesi yakaenda kunopindira. Nhamba duku yaTolstoy yakava yakakurumbira kwazvo, vaverengi vaida nzira iyo Lev Nikolaevich yakatsanangura vanhu vake uye mugove wavo, kunzwisisa nekudzika kwebasa.

Zvinonzwisisika, munhu wose aitarisira kupfuurira kwebhuku "Anna Karenina", sezvo raizivikanwa kuti basa racho rine mavhoriyamu matatu. Pakazosvika 1878, Leo Tolstoy akanga ataura zvakakwana vana vake. Chikamu chokupedzisira chakanga chisingafadzi zvikuru nevadzidzi, sezvo chaiva tsanangudzo yehondo yeSerbia-Montenegro-Turkish, iyo yakatumirwa mukuru mukuru Vronsky - mudiwa waAnna.

Nhoroondo yeTolstoy "Anna Karenina" inosanganisira zvakanyanya kupesana manzwiro uye tsika dzevanhu. Munyori pachake akataura kakawanda kuti nerubatsiro rwebasa raanoda kuratidza kuti nyika yemazuva ano neyemangwana yakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zviviri: zvakanaka uye zvakaipa, zvinorwisana zuva rega roga uye kuedza pasina kuedza kuparadza muvengi.

Iyo yakasiyana yeruzivo

Basa "Anna Karenina" nderekunakidzwa kwevanhu vazhinji. Iro pamusoro pechiratidzo chakaipa chemukadzi akaroora uye mukuru mukuru. Panguva imwecheteyo, munhu haagoni kubatsira kubatsira kunzwa kwakadzika zvakananga kumhuri yemhuri yevakuru. Nhau inoitika muhafu yepiri yezana remakore regumi nemapfumbamwe muMoscow neSt. Petersburg. Asi munyori zvakajeka sezvinobvira zvinoratidza zvose manzwiro, mazano nemitemo yenyaya yake.

Vakawanda vakanyengetedza Anna Karenina, kuti vanhu vakawanda vakazviona mumukadzi uyu, ivo vaiva pedyo nenhau yemunyori, iyo yakapinda mukatikati memweya. Nokudaro Tolstoy akanyora mabhuku ezuva ranhasi, bhuku iro, mumaonero ake, rinogona kugara rakakurumbira - nguva dzose uye vanhu.

Zvisinganzwisisiki sezvazvinogona kuonekwa, Lev Nikolaevich akafanoona kuti kuchinja kwakanga kuri kuuya, kune vakuru. Aiziva, akanzwa kuti hurumende yezvino uye tsika dzaive zvatanga kutamba, uye vanhu vanofanira kugadzirira izvi.

Pfungwa yeruzivo

Vanhu vose vakapoteredza Leo Tolstoy, vakava pfungwa yekuzvarwa kwevhesi yakasiyana zvachose. Rudzi rwemunyori runogona kuzivikanwa nehupenyu hweAna Oblonskaya-Karenina. Achicherechedza pfungwa dzeshamwari dzake, manzwiro avo nemanzwiro avo, Tolstoy akasika zvinyorwa zvake zvekutanga, izvo munguva yemberi zvaifarira vaverengi.

Vakawanda vasinganzwisisi nebasa "Anna Karenina", uyo munyori akaedza kuumba chaiyo yezvinyorwa zvemazera emarudzi evanhu, vakaramba vachinzwa nezvebhuku rakasiyana. Asi nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti iyi ibhuku pamusoro pomudzimai akazviuraya nekuda kwekunaka uye kushushikana nemanzwiro ake kumudiwa wake, kuva naye uyo kukudzwa uye hana yake yaisabvumirwa.

Ichokwadi, hazvisi zvachose zvinorondedzerwa mubhuku "Anna Karenina." Zvinyorwa zvebhuku rino rine zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinonakidza, tsanangudzo yehupenyu hwakanaka hwakapfuura, kurwisana pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa, tsika netsika dzevanhu vairarama muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe.

Kuziva nevatambi

Basa rakanaka "Anna Karenina." Ndiani akanyora, inozivikanwa kunenge yese vagari venyika dzeCIS, asi haina kuverengwa nevose. Kunyange zvazvo vakawanda vakanzwa nezvenyaya isina kujairika uye vanoziva vanhu vanyori vebhuku racho.

Kutanga, munhu mukuru - Anna - anouya kuMoscow kuti ayananise hanzvadzi yake Steve, uyo ainzi akatongerwa kupandukira, nemudzimai wake. Pasina nguva Karenina paakabuda muchitima chake, anoona kuti murindi ari kufa panzira dzezvitima. Izvi zvinoratidzika sechishamiso chinotyisa. Mushure mechinguva, munhu mukuru anonzwisisa kuti chiratidzo ichi chinorevei - chichaonekwa se "mukadzi wechimhosva", uye haagoni kurarama nacho norugare. Kunyange zvakadaro, rudo, rudo, uye unyoro Anna Karenina (munyori wekutanga anotaratidza semukadzi asina kuchena, akatendeseka uye akanaka) anoenda kumba kwehanzvadzi yake ndokuedza kuyananidza naye naDolly mudzimai wake.

Panguva iyi, wechidiki uye anofadza Count Alex Vronsky anoshanyira Steve. Usakanganwa kushanyira mudiwa wako mukunda Kitty Shcherbitskaya naKonstantin Levin, uyo nemwoyo wake wose anoda kutora musikana akanaka. Asi, pane zvaanofunga, izvi hazvibviri, sezvo ari muchengeti wepanyika, uye mukuru wepamberi ndiye mumiririri wekunaka waSt. Petersburg Vronsky. Muzvokwadi, Count Alex haana kumbofunga kuita chiito chaKitori, sezvo zvose zvaaifunga zvakanga zvichishandiswa nemusikana akanga achangobva kuPetersburg.

Basa iro Leo Tolstoy rakanyora - "Anna Karenina" - zvakajeka uye rinorondedzera manzwiro nemanzwiro akawanikwa nemunhu mukuru. Anonyanya kudanana naVa Count Vronsky, asi anomupa ushamwari chete, semusha ari kumirira nemurume ane rudo nemwana. Chiroto chikuru chaAna, icho chaisagona kuzadzika, chaiva nevari vaviri vanhu vadikanwa pasi pano - Alexei nemwanakomana Sergei.

Rudo Karenina

Sezvatotaurwa, Anna Karenina akauya achibva kuSt. Petersburg ane mafungiro akave akazara. Ari pachitima akasangana nemukadzi akanaka aigara achimuudza nezvemwanakomana wake waaida - Alexey. Panguva iyoyo, Karenina haana kuzvipa kukosha zvakanyanya, asi zvishoma gare gare akaziva kuti mwana wakaropafadzwa weaifamba naye akanga asingakwanisi kuverenga Count Vronsky.

Mushure mekunge musangano nomudzimai wake, akasarudza zvakasimba kudzokera kuSt. Petersburg, nokuti aiziva kuti akanga ari mumatambudziko mumaziso akanaka uye akadzika aVronsky, ayo aigona kutora mweya wemukadzi wose. Asi vechidiki Alexei vanotevera mushure mekunge iye: anoshuva musangano, asingateereri kune zvinyararire zvinonyadzisa, kuvapo kwemurume uye mwana ane mudiwa. Achicherechedza kuverengwa, kuri kuswedera pedyo naKainaina, sangano rinotanga kufungidzira kubatana kwavo. Anna, uyo ane mwoyo wakaputika mukati, haaigona kuzvidzivirira uye akazvipa kuzvipira kumukadzi wake akanaka, munyoro uye wenyama Alexei. Izvi zvakakurumidza kudzidziswa nemunhu wose ari munharaunda, kusanganisira murume ane mutemo wehutano hunhu.

Kwapera nguva yakati yakazozivikanwa kuti Karenina akanga achitarisira mwana kubva kuVronsky. Mushure mokudzidza nyaya, Alexei akamukumbira kuti abve murume wake ndokuenda naye. Panguva imwecheteyo, amai vaVronsky vane ushamwari uye vane mutsa havana kunge vakanyanyisa Anna. Pane kudaro, anotsamwiswa nezviri kuitika, uye haadi kuti mwanakomana wake aite saizvozvo. Karenina, mukadzi anotambudzwa, uye anofara kusiya zvose uye kuenda nenhamba, asi anoda Alexei zvakanyanya sekunge mwanakomana wake Seryozha. Anna anowira mukuora mwoyo, anotambudzwa nemanzwiro anopesana zvikuru. Karenina haazive zvokuita ...

Panguva yekuberekwa, munhu mukuru wakarwara zvikuru uye zvishamiso zvakapona. Achiona mamiriro ake ezvinhu, murume akakodzera anonzwira tsitsi uye anonzwira tsitsi mudzimai wake, mushure mokumubvumira kuti agare mumba make. Karenin anoregerera Anna uye zvaanoita uye anotenderana kuti aichengetedze chakavanzika kuitira kuti arege kunyadzisa zita rakatendeseka remhuri yavo. Karenina haasi kupikisa rupo rwemurume wake uye nhunzi dziri naVronsky kuenda kuEurope. Nokukurumidza, vanhu vaviri vane rudo kamwe chete vanonzwisisa kuti havana chavanoita, uye havana chinhu chakafanana. Paiva panguva ino Anna akaziva kukanganisa kwaakange aita uye kuti akatengesa sei uye akanyadzisa murume wake. MuSt. Petersburg, haatarisiri chero chinhu chakanakisisa, iye zvino ava kusununguka. Akawana ushingi, Karenina achiri kudzoka zvakare.

Matambudziko neVronsky ari kuwedzera kuoma, uye hazvigoneki kurarama. Kana Akaverengera akarega zvinhu zvose, Anna anozvidzwa munzanga. Haana kurara zvakanaka, anotambudzika nemwanakomana wake, achiziva kuti haazombomuoni zvakare.

Zvakaitika kuna Anna Karenina

Mushure mekutsvoda naVronsky, mamiriro ezvinhu aKainaina akachinja: akafara, akazorodzwa, akafuridzirwa, asi haana kukwanisa kuramba achiita saiyi zvakare! Kuedza kuchengetedza mwanakomana uye kurambana naye murume anonyengera uye akasimba haana kuita kuti abudirire. Murombo Anna, asingazvizivi iye kubva mukusuwa, akazofa zvachose. Anomhanya pakati pemoto maviri: akatsamwa uye kuvenga iye nokuda kwokutengesa nemurume wake nevechidiki, ane tsitsi uye anonakidza Alexei, uyo anovimbisa kumupa nyika yose. Asi amai havambofi vakasiya mwana wavo, saka Karenina akatenda kuti aisakwanisa kurega rudo rwakashata uye achibva naVronsky kure nemurume wake.

Asi fate yakashandurwa kuitira kuti, kune rumwe rutivi, Anna akawana zvaaida - rudo, Vronsky, mufaro, uye kune rimwe, akarasikirwa neanokosha-mwanakomana waSergei. Dzvinyiriri, hukama hwakasati hwave korona yekubudirira, ruvengo rwevanhu kune munhu wake rinomanikidza mukadzi kuita chisingadi - kuzviuraya.

Kazhinji vanhu havadi kuverenga inoverengeka "Anna Karenina" zvachose. Tsanangudzo - mapeji mashomanana kubva mubasa rakakura, izvo zvishoma uye zvakataurwa zvakanyanya nezvemasimba uye zviitiko. Asi kuti uwane maonero ose Tolstoy akanyora, shandura mafungiro ake uye ave nani zviri nani, zvinokurudzirwa kuverenga inovhesi kubva pakaputi kusvika kuvharo. Izvi hazvisi zvakaoma kuita, sezvo inobata zvachose, uye nguva inobhururuka isingaoneki.

Kuongorora kweruzivo "Anna Karenina"

Vatsoropodzi vakawanda havana kufarira Anna Karenina nechinangwa chake. Vamwe vakafunga kuti chiratidzo chekuzvidzwa uye kunyadziswa, vamwe havana kufarira mufananidzo waVronsky. Paiva nevamwe vaifunga kuti inovhesi yacho inonyadzisa, isina chinhu uye hapana yerudzi. Zvechokwadi, basa revatsoropodzi nderokuwana zvisakarurama, kusagutsikana uye kunyora kudzokorora nezvemabasa. Asi, nerufaro, pane avo vaitenda kuti nhoroondo iyo Leo Tolstoy yakanga yashandisa, "Anna Karenina" - tariro yakanakisisa yemabhuku eRussia. Vatsoropodzi vakatsigira munyori uye vakaseka chimiro chikuru. Vakabva vataura kuti manzwiro akadaro, ayo aiva mumoyo waAna, anofanirwa kuvhara mukadzi wese aishuva kuchinja murume wake, ane mwana uye mhuri inoremekedzwa munzanga.

Pakati pevatsoropodzi vanoyemura basa raTolstoy, aiva Nikolai Nekrasov. Akaona mumunyori tarenda chaiyo, murume ane chipo chisinganzwisisiki chinogona kuchinja upenyu hwevamwe vanhu nemabasa ake. Nekrasov zvakanyatsofanotaura zvose, kubva nhasi nhasi vanhu vashomanana vanozvibvunza kuti ndiani Karen Karenina, uyo akanyora inoverengeka. Zvose nokuti vazhinji vevanhu vanoverenga bhuku kana kuti vakatarisa mitambo yakanakisisa, mafirimu akanganisa nyika yevanhu uye, zvichida, kunyange vakashandura hupenyu hwavo. Nhoroondo dzeLev Tolstoy dzave dzichigadzirisa zvinoshamisa kune vateveri vavo. Zvisikwa zvakadai, izvo nyanzvi yefungiro yakanyora, haigoni kuwanikwa kune imwe nzvimbo.

Theatrical michina uye chinyorwa zvinyorwa

Zvinhu zvakasikwa L. Tolstoy zvakaonekwa kare kare muna 1910. Mumakore mashomanana vanhu vanogona kushanyira maitiro ekutanga aAna Karenina. Nguva yakapfuura, uye vatungamiri vakasiyana-siyana vakagadzirisa mitambo, vakashandura vateereri uye vakaedza nemitambo. Mitambo yepakutanga, mimhanzi inoshamisa yakaumbwa nevakadai saR. Viktyuk, O. Sikshin, M. Roshchin nevamwe.

Vaverengi vakawanda nevatariri vakanga vakanaka Anna Karenina, avo vakanyora zvinyorwa zvakatonyorwa uye zvinotaurwa pamasikati makuru nemisangano. Nezvekugadziriswa kwebhuku rakakurumbira, firimu yekutanga pamusoro pekutambudzika kwakaipa muGermany muna 1910 yakaitwa. Zvadaro, vamiririri venyika dzakadaro saRussia, Hungary, Italy, United States, Britain, India nevamwe vakaedza kuratidza mufananidzo wacho. Pose, mafirimu anopfuura makumi matatu akafananidzwa pamusoro peKarenin. Ikupedzisira kwavari yakaratidzwa nevatungamiriri veGreat Britain. Muchikamu chikuru chaive Keira Knightley, uyo akaroora Anna asinganzwisisiki uye asinganzwisisiki. Uyewo nhasi unogona kuwana zviratidzo zveTV pamusoro peKainaina.

Hazvibviri kusataura kuti kune zviitiko zve ballet Anna Karenina. Muna 2010, yekutanga iyo yakaitika kuMariinsky Theatre. Kunyange zvakadaro, yakanakisisa kushanda ibasa raBoris Eifman, uyo akagamuchira "Best Performance muBallet" mupiro muna 2005.

Munguva yedu, zvinyorwa LN. Tolstoy anofarira mukurumbira mukuru, uye anoiswa pamitambo yakasiyana-siyana, mitambo, uye mafirimu anoitwa. Asi "Anna Karenina" akarova zvinyorwa zvemarudzi ose uye akazova nyanzvi chaiyo mumabhuku eRussia uye unyanzvi huzhinji.

Chokwadi chinofadza

Zvinotendwa kuti mwanasikana waPushkin (Maria Alexandrovna Hartung) ndiye heroine mukuru wepanhau - Anna Karenina. LN Tolstoy akafuridzirwa nechitarisiko chemusikana uye akasarudza kumutumira chifananidzo papepa.

Zvinonakidzawo kuziva kuti muna 1916 vakaedza kubvisa kuenderera mberi kwenyaya yemoyo pamusoro pechiratidzo chinotyisa chinonzi "mwanasikana waAna Karenina". Mukuwedzera, nheyo yeruzivo inowanzoshandiswa mune sayenzi, iyo inobva pane aphorism inotanga basa racho: "Mhuri dzose dzinofara dzakafanana, mhuri imwe neimwe isina kufara haina kufara nenzira yayo. Zvose zvakanga zvakavhiringidzika muimba yeOlton. "

Muna 2013, kumwe kuenderera kwebhuku rinonzi Anna Karenina-2 rakabudiswa. Munyori uyu aiva Alexander Zolotko, uyo akaudza vaverengi nhau yemwanasikana wemunhu mukuru, uyo akazonzi saamai vake. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vakakonzera manzwiro akawanda uye kutsamwa, nokuti hazvizivikanwe zvachose zvakaitika kune musikana uyo akave achibva pakubatana naVa Count Vronsky. Uye Leo Tolstoy haana kutaura zita rechecheche. Zvisinei, izvi ndezvimwe pfungwa dzevatsoropodzi, munyori pachake ane kodzero yekushandura tsanangudzo yebumbiro. Kune avo vanotenda kuti inoverengeka "Anna Karenina-2" yakakosha kuverenga.

Asi chikamu chechipiri chebhuku hachienzaniswi neyekutanga, sezvo iri iri nyaya yakasiyana zvakasiyana uye imwe heroine, kunyange neine zita rimwe chete - Anna Karenina. Ndiani akanyora, anozivikanwa kune vashomanana, sezvo bhuku raAlexander Zolatko richiri duku, uye haana kuedza kuita unyanzvi hunogona kupfurikidza nebasa ra Leo Tolstoy.

Basa renyorwa yaTolstoy muhupenyu hweumwe neumwe wedu

Nhamba yeLN Tolstoy yakanga yakanyorwa mumhando yezvechokwadi. Akanyatsorondedzera maitiro evanhu uye maitiro evanhu vehafu yezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe. Mune unhu hwaLevin akazviona pachake, izvo zvaakagara achitaura. Iyo hero yaive yakapiwa nemhando dzakanakisisa, izvo zvakaita kuti ave muenzaniso wekutevedzera. Izvi ndizvo izvo munyori aida kuudza vateveri vake: kuti zvisinei pasinei nechinzvimbo chinotorwa nomunhu munzanga, anofanirwa kugara ari murume: akakodzera, akatendeseka, akanaka uye ane mutsa.

"Anna Karenina" inyaya yezvenguva dzose, iyo yakakunda zviuru, mamiriyoni emwoyo pasi rese. Kwenguva yokutanga munyori akanyatsotsanangura ukama huripo pakati pevanhu vanoziva kune anenge munhu wese. Yakanga yava makore 137 kubva pakabudiswa kwebasa, asi kwezuva rimwe harina kukanganwa nevadzidzi. Anoda kuverenga uye kuverenga zvakare, tarisa pahwindo uye pamusangano, unotenda chivimbo che heroine uye nemwoyo wose condole naye. Mutauro wakajeka, mararamiro asina kukodzera ekunyora uye ukuru hwemhando dzevanhu vanonyatsoshanda. Hazvishamisi kuti inovheti ndeyvenyanzvi yezvinyorwa zvenyika.