Zvinyorwa uye Kunyora Nyaya, Fiction
Mabasa ose aDostoevsky: nyora. Nhoroondo dzeFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
Izvo zvose mabasa aDostoevsky, ane mazita ezvinyorwa zvekuongororwa uku, ave yenyorwa kwete yeRussia bedzi, asi yezvinyorwa zvenyika. Ichi chinyorwa chicharatidza mabasa anozivikanwa zvikuru emunyori. Mabhuku makuru emunyori anodzidza kuchikoro. Zvinyorwa zvake zvakawanda zvakaongororwa kakawanda uye zvakagadziridzwa panhandare, iyo inotaura nezvekukosha kwavo kunogara nekukosha.
Nhamba yekutanga
Izvo zvose mabasa aDostoevsky (urongwa huchazotanga nekutaura kwebhuku rakamuita mukurumbira mumabhuku ekunyora) kuratidzira tarenda yakanyanyisa yakanyora. Ndiyo pamusoro pevhangeri "Varombo Vanhu", yakasikwa muna 1846. Bhuku iri rinonakidza pakuti rakanyorwa mune epistolary genre. Iyo protagonist, Makar Devushkin, inofanana nemusikana ari murudo, asi haatyi kureurura manzwiro ake kwaari, nokuti akwegura. Mukuwedzera, anotenda kuti hazvisi kukodzera kwaari, kunyange zvazvo achidzoka naye.
Nekubatsirwa kworudzi urwu rwezvinyorwa, Fyodor Dostoyevsky akakwanisa kuratidza manzwiro evanhu vake vane masimba zvakanyatsonaka uye akavimbika. "Varombo vanhu" inova inoverengeka yakanyatsonzwisiswa nemutsoropodzi akakurumbira V. Belinsky.
Akazarura munyori wechidiki nzira inoenda kunyika yakanyora ndokuita zita rake kuzivikanwa kune muverengi wevanhu vakawanda.
Humorous story
Munyori haana kuda kugara pamusoro pemhando yemutambo uye akazviedza pachake mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Akanyora kwete chete purosi, asi akanyorawo nhetembo. Mukuwedzera, mushure mekusunungurwa kwenhamba yekutanga, akasarudza kugadzira basa redhiki nenzira yechinyorwa pakati pevanhu. Nokudaro, inoverengeka "Nhoroondo mumatare mapfumbamwe" yakabuda-nyaya inoseka iyo yakabudiswa muna 1847 mubhuku rinonzi Sovremennik. Iri basa nderekubatana kwevamwe vanogovana, imwe neimwe iyo inoedza kunyengedza mumwe wako.
Munyori akatevedzera Gogol, achisarudza mazita maviri akafanana uye kupa zvikamu zvese zvinoratidza. Chimwe chazvo chakasvibiswa uye chinokudzwa, chechipiri, pane chinopesana, chakashata uye chakarurama. Asi pakupedzisira vose vakanyengerwa nekuzivana kwavo. Zvese mabasa aDostoevsky, urongwa hwezvinhu zvinosanganisira kwete zvinoshamisa uye zvinotyisa, asiwo mabasa anosekesa, anomuratidza somunhu anocherechedza asingaoneki uye anofungidzira.
"Kutuka uye Kukuvadzwa"
Iri ndiro basa guru rekutanga rakanyorwa nemunyori mushure mokudzoka kubva kuutapwa. Yakabudiswa muna 1861. Kutsiurwa kwakamusangana naye zvakanyanyisa, kunze kwenyaya yeSovermennik, iyo yakarongedza kuongorora chimiro uye vanhu. Nhoroondo yacho inoitwa nokuda kwomunhu wokutanga - munyori muduku Ivan, umo maitiro ezvinyorwa zvemunyori anofungidzirwa.
Nhoroondo yeDostoevsky "Vakadzingiswa uye Vakakuvadzwa" vane mitsetse miviri, iyo inoita kuti nhoroondo yacho irege kufara. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyange mubhuku rino, zvinyorwa zvemavara emunyori zvinonyatsooneka: kufungisisa kwepfungwa kwevanyori, tsitsi kune vose vanotambura ndiwo musoro unofamba kuburikidza nebasa rose remunyori.
"Player"
Kuongorora kwakadzama kwepfungwa yevanhu nemabasa ake kunosiyanisa mabasa ose aDostoevsky. Nyora yemunyori wemabhuku inofanira kuwedzerwa nemashoko ari pamusoro apa anonzi autobiographical.
Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinyorwa zvakaoma zvikuru mubasa romunyori, sekuratidzira kwake kusagadzikana kwemutambo, pamwe neukama hwakaoma neaanoda, uyo akashanda semufananidzo wehukuru hwemutsva, pamwe chete neNastasya anonzi Filippovna anozivikanwa mubhuku rinonzi "Idiot." Pakati pezvakaitika ndeye munhu anofungidzirwa nechishuwo kumukadzi anodikamwa, uyewo kumutambo wezvakaitika.
Mabasa ema1860s-1870s
Nhoroondo yeFyodor Dostoevsky inosanganisira nhamba yakawanda yemabasa emhando dzakasiyana-siyana, asi mabhuku anozivikanwa zvikuru ndeaya akasika mumakore gumi.
Muna 1866 akanyorera inoverengeka "Utsotsi uye Kurangwa", iyo yakava yeruzivo rwemhando uye imwe yemabasa akanaka emunyori. Kudzidza kwebasa iri kunowanikwa muchikoro chekudzidzira, uyezve, yakaramba ichiongororwa.
Mumakore matatu akatevera akanyora chimwe chezvinhu zvinonakidza uye zvine simba-inoverengeka "Idiot", iyo inonzi inonyanya kuda romubhuku rake, pasinei nenhamo yakaoma.
Mumakore ekuma1870, chiedza chakaona chimwe chezvinhu zvakaoma zvikuru - Hama Brothers Karamazov. Bhuku rino rakasiyana neruzivo rwakadzika hwefilosofi, nhoroondo yakaoma uye vanhu vakawanda-vakafanana. Munyori akaratidza kuratidza hutano hwakaoma hwemagariro munharaunda yekupararira kwekuchinja kwemazano uye nhidhilism, pamwe nekuparadzwa kwetsika nemitemo.
Nhau uye Diary
Munyori akashanda kwete mumhando yeprose yakakura, asi akanyora zvakare maduku maduku. Imwe yezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa mumabhuku ake ndeye bhuku refilosofi "The Double." Rinotaurira nyaya yechirungu chiduku chakanga chakazara kwazvo, chisingadikanwi, chakavhiringidzika. Pane imwe nguva aive nekaviri, uyo akakurumidza kutora nzvimbo yake nekuda kwekunyengedzera, kushingaira, kuchenjerera uye kusarura. Basa racho rinoshora kushaya simba kwevanhu uye kushumira, izvo zvakatungamirira kukuti vanhu vakagamuchira kaviri pane munhu wavanoziva. Muchikamu chino, unogonawo kutaura nyaya inoseka "Mumwe mukadzi nemurume ari pasi pemubhedha." Basa iri rakazara nekunaka kwakanaka kwemashoko, iyo inofanana nekodhi yemunyori.
Zvimwe, tinofanira kutaura nezvemavara ake, umo iye asingatauri chete pamusoro pekusika kwake, asiwo anotaura pfungwa dzake pamusoro pekushanduka kwezvematongerwo enyika uye zvematongerwe enyika, uye anotaurawo maonero ake pamusoro pemamiriro enyika yose enyika. Iyo diary inobudisa munyori kubva mukati, sezvo arimo anogovana zvakavanzika zveunyanzvi hwake nemagadzirirwo ake, anotsanangura pfungwa nemafungiro aaiita mune purogiramu yokugadzira. Dhidhiyo yakabudiswa kubva muna 1873 kusvika muna 1881, iyo inoratidza kufarira komunyori uye vaverengi kubasa iri.
Nhetembo
Ndima dzaDostoevsky dzinoratidza tarenda yake kwete chete somunyori weprose, asiwo semunyori wenhetembo. Rimwe remabasa ake okutanga anonyora "PaEuropean Events of 1854" yakazvipira panguva yeCrimean War. Mariri munyori anotaura maonero ake pamusoro penhoroondo yeRussia uye basa rayo mukusunungurwa kwevanhu veOrthodox. Anotaura kuti, pasinei nekutya kweEurope, nyika icharamba ichitsungirira chero miedzo, sekutanga kwemazana emakore.
Zvinyorwa zveDostoevsky, kazhinji, zvinoratidza maonero ake ezvematongerwo enyika. Mune basa "Pakutanga kweJuly, 1855" anotaura zvekare nezveramangwana reRussia, anotsanangura tariro yeumumutsiro wawo, uye anokumbirawo tsar kuti amukanganwire pamwe nevatsigiri vake nekuda kwekare kare kushushikana. Iyo yakarongeka yakatsaurirwa kuberekwa kwemambo uye inoratidzwa nemweya wekuda nyika uye mafirosofi.
Akanyorawo nhetembo "Pakugadzirisa uye kuguma kworugare," iyo iyo inokudza kutanga kwerugare uye kurongedzwa kweMambo Alexander II. Pakati pemashoko omunyori, munhu anogonawo kuona epigram yake paBavaria colonel, uyewo basa "Kurwisana kweNihilism neKutendeseka." Basa rekupedzisira rinonakidza nokuti mukati maro munyori anotaura maonero ake ezvematongerwo enyika nezvezvematongerwe enyika pamusoro pechiitiko ichi chitsva muRussia. Izvo zvinodiwawo kuratidza kuunganidza zvinyorwa "My notebook Katorzhnaya" - chikwata chemafirimu, izvo zvaakaunganidza munguva yekutapwa kwake.
Mamwe mabasa
Muchidzidzo ichi tinongotarisa chete mabasa anozivikanwa zvikuru emunyori akakurumbira, pfupi pfupi iyo inowanikwa mutafura iri pasi apa.
| Title | Tsanangudzo |
| "Netochka Nezvanova" | Iyi inova isina kugadziriswa yemunyori, yakabudiswa muna 1849. Mubhuku munyori anotaura nezvekuguma kwemusikana, uyo aiva nehutano hwakaoma, ndokubva azviwana muimba yakafuma kwaakabviswa kunze kwetsitsi. Zvisinei, chakavanzika chinotyisa chemhuri iyi chinomumanikidza kuti abve pamba iyi |
| "Muduku" | Basa rinotaura pamusoro pejaya raive risina mvumo, uye kubva pane izvi akave neukama hwakaoma nababa vake. Mutsva, munyori anonyatsoongorora inyanzvi yepfungwa yevechiri kuyaruka uye ukama hwake nevamwe |
| "Nhizha Dzvuku" | Iri basa rekunyora remunyori ndiro rinonyanya kubata uye rinopenya mabhuku ake ose anotyisa. Nhau yacho inotaura pamusoro pekuda kwevechiduku vaviri vakamanikidzwa kuparadzana nekuda kwekudzoka kwomusikana wemusikana |
| "Hope Dzomurume" | Iyi inogadzirwa zvakaoma kwazvo, umo kuseka uye comedy inokanganiswa nedambudziko. Bhuku racho rakazvipira kumusasa usina kujairika wemumwe muchinda kumusikana muduku, uyo aimbova mukomana akange achikwanisa kumubvumira kuti muchato wake weramangwana raakarota, nei mutungamiriri akafa |
| "Musha we Stepanchikovo nevagari vayo" | Iyo yakarongeka inotaura nezvemhirizhonga isina kujairika mumusha muduku nekuda kwemarongwa embairo evane heroes |
| "Mashoko kubva kuimba yakafa" | Basa iri rinonakidza pakuti ndiro autobiographical uye rinorondedzera nezvehupenyu hwevasungwa mujeri. Munyori akapfuura manzwiro ake uye zvinyorwa mushure mokutaura |
| "Mashoko kubva pasi Pasi Pasi" | Nhoroondo yacho inotaura pamusoro pezviitiko kubva muupenyu hwejaya kubva kune intelligentsia. Zvinonakidza kuti munyori anotsanangura maitiro ehu hero mumuromo make |
| "Kurota kwomurume anonakidza" | Nyaya inotaura nezvekuedza kwegamba kuzviuraya uye kuberekwa kwake shure kwekurota kusingawanzoitiki |
Mukuwedzera, tinofanira kutaura nezvemashoko makuru ezvinyorwa anozivikanwa nemunyori.
| Title | Nyaya |
| "The Petersburg Chronicle" | Uyu ndiwo mutsara wemafirimu umo munyori wechidiki anorumbidza guta rake rekuzvarwa, achitaura kuti anotamba basa guru muupenyu hweRussia. Asi mumitsara yekupedzisira pane mufananidzo weguta rakakura uye rakaoma, iro rakazoonekwa panguva iyo mumabhuku |
| "Winter chinyorwa pamaonero echando" | Uyu ndiwo mutsara weongororo pamusoro parwendo rwomunyori kuburikidza neEurope uye mafungiro eRussia kunyika dzeEurope |
| "Pushkin" | Kudzika kwakadzama kwebasa romunyori akakurumbira uye kukosha kwezvinyorwa zvenyika |
Saka, basa raDostoevsky raiva rakasiyana-siyana: akashanda mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeprose, uye akanyorawo nhetembo.
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