Nhafari ndiani? Nhoroondo ye caliphate

Izwi rezwi rokuti "caliph" rinogona kushandurwa se "mutungamiri" kana kuti "gweta". Iri zita rakapiwa kune vaMuslim vakasarudzwa, avo kutenda kwavo uye kuzvipira kuna Allah vakaziva kusina mirefu.

Mharefa ndiye mutungamiri wevaMuslim, akasarudzwa kutungamira hupenyu hwepanyika uye hwemweya hwemu nyika. Asi kutonga kwake kwakanga kusingagumi, sezvo aifanira kuteerera mitemo yakanyorwa mu Sharia. Nokuda kwekutsauka kubva muchokwadi chemukuru, kwete kungoshora kwevaMuslim vakamirira, asi mune dzimwe nguva ingangodaro rufu. Asi pamusoro pezvose zvakarongeka.

Chimiro chekalifi yekutanga

Kuti anzwisise kuti chii chinonzi caliph, munhu anofanira kutarisa maziso ake kune zvitubu zvepasi rose reMuslim.

Izvo zvose zvakatanga nemuporofita Muhammad, akakwanisa kubatanidza mauto ehondo pasi pemubhedha umwechete wekutenda. Nokuda kweizvi akatanga kutumbidzwa, sekunge ari mutsvene, ane simba uye ruzivo rwakapiwa na Allah pachake. Asi, semunhu wose, Muhammad aitarisira kufa. Mushure mokufa kwemuporofita, zvakanga zvakafanira kuwana mutungamiri mutsva, kuitira kuti mabasa ake aisazoparara.

Saka, muna 632, nzira yaMuhama yakaendeswa nemudzidzi wake akatendeka - Abu Bakr. Asi simba rake rakagara kwemakore maviri chete, kubvira muna 634 akafa kamwe kamwe nekuda kwechirwere chisingaregi.

Asi zvakadaro mbeu yakasimwa. Uye kubvira panguva iyo, Califi ndiyo zita rakapiwa kune munhu anoonekwa somuti wevaporofita pasi pano. Mashoko ake nezviito zvinofanira kushanda kuti zvibatsire marudzi ose echiMuslim uye zvichidaro zvinokudza Allah.

Nhoroondo yekusimbiswa kwecaliphate

Pakarepo mushure mekufa kwaAbhu, zita reMuslim mutungamiri akaenda kuna Umar ibn al-Khattab. Chokutanga pane zvose, akatanga hondo dzehondo, chinangwa chakanga chiri kukunda nyika yevasingatendi. Uye akazviita zvakanaka kwazvo, nokuti akakwanisa kuputsa mauto eByzantine nePezhiya, mauto ayo mumazuva iwayo akanga asina kusununguka. Umar zvakare akakwanisa kutora Jerusarema. Asi zvakadaro rufu rune utsinye uye kwete kutya kutora murwi akasimba akadaro. Upenyu hwake hwakaguma muna 644.

Chii chinonzi caliph, chisinganzwisisiki nevakuru vatatu vevaMuslim, vanyori vazhinji vezvenhau vanofunga. Uthman ibn-Affan akanga asina mweya wakasimba, kusiyana nevatungamiri vake. Mumapoka ehama dzake, akaunganidza hama neshamwari, izvo zvakaunza kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pehuchenjeri hwake nekururama pakati pevamwe vaMuslim. Uye kunyange akatora nyika yakadai seSogdian, vaMuslim vasina kugutsikana vachiri kuronga kupikisa ndokumuuraya.

Caliph yechina yakava Ali ibn Abu Talib. Akange ari hama yeMuporofita Muhammad, kana kuti panzvimbo yehama yake. Akanga ari iye akazova "apple yenyongano" iyo yakazoparadzanisa nyika yeMuslim muSunis neShiites. Panguva yekutonga kwake, nyika yakaramba ichishungurudzwa nehondo dzehurumende uye hondo dzechigaro cheushe, saka hazvishamisi kuti akafa nehadhi ine chepfu. Mushure meizvi, chibvumirano chechigaro choumambo chekalifu chakaenderera mberi nguva dzose.

Muzvinyorwa zvemakalifa mana okutanga anonzi akarurama, sezvo akamira pamakabva muIslam. Izvo zvaive nekuda kwemabasa avo kuti kutenda kweMuslim kwakakwanisa kupararira zvakanyanya munyika yose, kuunganidza mamiriyoni evatendi.

Kusiyana pakati peSunni neShiites

Mune mazamu ose echitendero cheMuslim, Califa ndiye chapupu cheMuporofita Muhammad pasi pano. Asi dambudziko nderokuti Sunnis neShiites vane maonero akasiyana pamusoro paani anogona kuve iyo.

Nokudaro, maererano netsika dzeSunnis, chero mushure mutsva, uyo anosarudzwa anoenderana nezvidimbu zveSharia (mutemo wemitemo muIslamu), unogona kuva mutungamiri wemunharaunda. Vazhinji maZalifa munhoroondo yeSunnis, sezvo iri rimwe boka reIslam rine nhamba yakakura yevateveri.

VaShiites vane maonero avo panyaya iyi, kana kuti yakanyatsojeka - chete hama dzehama dzaMuhama dzinogona kugoverwa simba raChafi. Ndicho chikonzero chevahedheni vose vakarurama vanoziva chete Ali ibn Abu Talib. Mune nhoroondo yekalifa, vashomanana vatongi kune vevaShiites vakange vakagara pachigaro cheushe.

Califi: Kusarudza kwevakakumbira zita racho

Kuti ave mutongi, zvaifanira kuenderana nemitemo yakasimba yeSharia. Maererano naye, Califa munhu ari pasi pebasa rekuchengetedza miganhu yenyika yeMuslim, kutarisa hupenyu hwevanhu vanotonga, kuvhara mhosva uye kukudza Islam pamberi pezvimwe zvitendero.

Saka, maererano nemitemo yeSunni, Califa inofanira kuita zvinotevera.

1. Inogona kuva murume chete.
2. Munhu akafanirwa anofanira kunge ari musikana akarurama uye anoziva mitemo yese ye sharia.
3. Iva nemafungiro akanaka uye usati uine zvirwere zvekuzvarwa.
4. Iva nemafungiro ehururamisiro uye usatya njodzi.

Kana ari munhangemutange, kubatsirwa kwaiva nevaKuraysh, asi vamiririri vemamwe madzinza eArabhu vaigona kuva makalifa. Uyezve, kana pakanga pasina maArab pakati pevadzidzi, musoro wacho unogona kupiwa kumunhu akachena, kana chete iye akatenda kuna Mwari nemwoyo wose.