Isinagogi chii? Isinagogi muMoscow. Synagogue yechiJuda

Kutenda kwega kwega nechitendero zvine mazwi ake chaiwo, pfungwa, tsika. Uye dzimwe nguva zvinonetsa kumunhu asingazivi zvinhu zvose mune izvi kuti anzwisise. Muchikamu chino ndinoda kugara pamusoro pechiJudha uye ndinoedza kujekesa kuti sinagogi chii.

Pamusoro penzvimbo yezwi

Chokutanga pane zvose, unoda kunzwisisa pfungwa chaiye. MuchiGiriki, sinagogi musangano. Zvisinei, muchiHebheru shoko iri rinonzwika se "bate-kneset", iro rinoshandurwa se "imba yeungano". Zvichafadza kuziva kuti muTalmud (Magwaro Matsvene evaJudha) zita reSinagogi se "bayt tefilah", iro rinoreva "imba yekunyengetera", rinowanika kamwe chete. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuvaJudha sinagogi inopfuura imba yekunyengetera.

A bit of history

Nokudaro, kana achinzwisisa uye achinzwisisa kuti sinagogi ichechi yevaJudha, zvakakosha kuti titarise zvishomanana munhoroondo yekubuda kwayo. Kana iri nguva, nguva yakajeka, apo yakatanga kuonekwa, hakuna munhu achakwanisa, data pamusoro peiyo haina kuchengetwa. Zvisinei, zvinotendwa kuti masinagogi ekutanga akatanga kuonekwa panguva iyo Temberi yekutanga yakaparadzwa uye vaJudha vakatapwa kuBhabhironi (6th century BC). Vakatanga kuungana mudzimba kuti vadzidze pamwe chete Tora uye gare gare vakatanga kuvaka dzimba dzakasiyana dzeminamato nekuungana. Mushure mokudzoka kunyika yekumusha kwavo, Temberi Yechipiri yakavakwa, asi panguva iyoyo vatendi vakatangawo kuvaka masinagogi munyika yavo yose. Mushure mekunge VaRoma vaparadza Tembere Yechipiri, masinagogi akazova nzvimbo chaiyo yevapoteri vevaJudha - kazhinji kwete mukutaura kwepfungwa kwezwi, asiwo zvakare. Aya aiva nzvimbo apo vanhu vaigona kuvanda pangozi.

Kunyanya kukosha

Saka, sinagogi inzvimbo iyo vaJudha vanogona kuungana kuti vanyengetere, vadzidze Tora, vataurire. Inofanira kurehwa kuti inewo ine basa rinokosha.

1. Nzvimbo yekunyengetera. Zvechokwadi, sinagogi ndiyo nzvimbo yekutanga vatendi vanogona kutendeukira kuna Mwari nemunyengetero. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti kune vaJudha haisi ivo chete, asi munyengetero wevanhu vose unokosha zvikuru, iyo ino imba inoenderana zvakakwana.
2. Kudzidza Magwaro Matsvene. Mumasinagogi zvakarewo tsika yekudzidza Torah. Nokuda kweizvi, pane zvikoro zvakakosha zvinogona kunge zviri pedo kana mune chimwe chivako. Hazvishamisi kuti beit-midrash (imba yemadzidziso) inonyatsobatanidzwa neBate Knesset (sinagogi). Muzvikoro izvi, vana nevechiri kuyaruka vanodzidza Torah zuva rega rega, pakupera kwevhiki kune zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana uye maitiro evanhu vakuru.
3. Library. Uyewo mumasinagogi panofanira kuva neimba umo mabhuku akasiyana-siyana ehutano hwechitendero anounganidzwa. Vanogona kuverengwa zvose mutembere pachavo uye kutorwa kumba (kuchenesa pamusoro pezvinonyadzisa izvi - mubati wesinagogi).
4. Upenyu hwemagariro. Mukuwedzera, sinagogi inzvimbo iyo vanhu vomunharaunda vanogona kuungana pamhemberero dzakasiyana siyana nemitambo. Saka, mukati memadziro etemberi iyi inogona kubatwa sevanhu pamwe chete, uye mapoka ega. Kupemberera kudzingiswa, rudzikinuro rwemwana, bar mitzvah, nezvimwe. Dare revaRabbin, beit-din, rinogara mumasinagogi. Pakutanga mu temberi makanga munewo dzimba dzevashanyi, apo maifambiro evaJudha vaigona kumira nyore, pangadai pangavawo nematombo maduku emabhiza maviri.

Architecture

Zvakakodzera kureva kuti hapana mitemo yakakosha yekuti musinagogi yechiJudha inofanira kuonekwa sei. Inogona kuve yakaisvonaka yakavakwa, kana zvichida seimba. Zvisinei, panofanira kunge kune mahwindo mairi. MuTalmud zvinonzi munhu haagoni kunyengetera mune imwe nzvimbo kubva kune denga risingagoni kuonekwa. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuti pavanopinda kune nzvimbo yekuchengetedza iyo munhu angagona kusiya pfungwa dzake dzose dzenyika uye kutambudzika. Zvichafadza kuti masinagogi ose akatarisana neJerusarema, muJerusarema chaiye - kuenda kuGomo reTemberi. Vakai zvivakwa kana zvichibvira pagomo rakakwirira kwazvo muguta, kuitira kuti vagone kusimudzira dzimwe dzimba. Uye sezvo zvakanga zvisingagoneki nguva dzose, padenga reimba minyengetero yacho yakagadzirirwa nenyeredzi kuitira kuti musinagogi ionekwe yakakwirira kune dzose dzezvivako.

Sinagogi kubva mukati

Senagogi inoita seiyi kubva mukati? Mufananidzo unoratidza kuti kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzevakadzi nevarume (ezrat-yedu - nzvimbo yakasiyana yevakadzi). Kazhinji vamiririri vehutano hwakanaka vakaiswa pabhokisi, asi kana izvi zvisingakwanisi, imba yekunamatira yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri neketeni kana kupatsanidza kunonzi "mexican". Izvi zvaiva kuvimbisa kuti hakuna munhu uye hapana chakavhiringidza varume kubva pakutaurirana naMwari.

Nzvimbo inonyanya kukosha musinagogi ndiyo Aron a-Kodesh - inova niche chaiyo kana kuti yakagadzirwa, yakavharwa neketeni, umo mipumburu yeTora inounganidzwa. Zviso zvevanhu zvinotaridzwawo ipapo panguva yekunyengetera. Zvakakodzera kuti titaure kuti kune rumwe rutivi Aron a-Kodesha ndiyo nzvimbo yerabhi, pane imwe-nzvimbo yeidzidzisi. Uyewo mumasinagogi pachava neine neramid, mwenje kana kenduru, uye bima, nzvimbo inobva kuverenga rugwaro. Pano, zvichida, uye mavara ose anokosha musinagogi. Mune imwe nzvimbo yega, minyengetero inogona kusiyanana kubva kune imwe uye igove yakasiyana nenzira yavo pachavo.

Positions

Sezvo wakanzwisisa zvinorehwa neshoko rokuti "sinagogi", zvakakosha kubhadhara zvishoma zvinyorwa izvo zvinowanikwa mudzimba idzi dzemunyengetero. Saka, chokwadi chinokosha ndechokuti rimwe nerimwe remunharaunda rinozvimiririra rinosarudza hutungamiri nevakuru.

1. Rabhi (rabbi) ndiye mutungamiri wemweya. Uyu ndiye munhu anoziva Tora zvakanaka uye asati atora nhume yake, anopfuura kuongorora kwakaoma zvikuru. Nhasi, rabhi anogadzirirwawo mabasa ehutungamiri, zvaanofanira kuita.
2. Hazan (kana shliakh-zibur - mutumwa wenharaunda) ndiye munhu anonyengetera munharaunda uye naizvozvo anomirira vanhu pamberi paMwari. Munhu uyu anofanirawo kunge akadzidziswa zvikuru, achiziva muchiHebheru, akafanana naye anogona kuita mamwe mabasa.
3. Shamashi mushumiri anoita mabasa mazhinji: anotevera mutemo muimba yekunyengetera, anotarisira kuchengetedzwa kweimba, anotarisa purogiramu. Dzimwe nguva inogona kutora hazan.
4. Gabay (Parnas) - uyo anonzi mutungamiriri wevatungamiri vemunharaunda. Kazhinji pane dzakawanda. Vanonyanya kusangana nedambudziko rezvemari uye kugadzirisa zvinetso zvekutungamirira.

Marudzi emasinagogi

Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti kwemazana emakore mapoka maviri emagariro evanhu nemagariro akaumbwa, ayo anotungamirira hupenyu hwakasiyana-siyana - Ashkenazi naSefardi. Misiyano iyi iri mune zvakanakira minyengetero uye urongwa hwemasinagogi. Vazhinji vevaJudha vemazuva ano vaAshkenazi (pakati nepakati kuchamhembe kweEurope, kumaodzanyemba kweAfrica, Australia, America, etc.), dzimba dzavo dzakagadzirirwa zvakanyanya muEuropean style, Sefaridim vanoda kufadza masinagogi avo nemakate uye mamwe maitiro ekumabvazuva. Zvizhinji zvedzimba dzakakurumbira zvekunamatira iAshkenazi, kusanganisira sinagogi muSt. Petersburg.

Kuita basa

Zvakakoshawo kuti kune kusiyana kune nzira yekuita basa musinagogi. Nokudaro, Ashkenazi yakasiyana neHasidim neNehasid. Zvinonakidza kuti vaHasidim vakakwereta nzira yekuitisa munyengetero kubva kuSefarimi. Kana zvisina kudaro, kusiyana kunenge kusingaoneki uye kusina basa. Pashure pezvose, kuitira kuti tishandure sinagogi kubva kune imwe kuenda kune imwe, zvakakwana kungoshandura mabhuku emunyengetero. Mipumburu yeTorah inoramba iri yakafanana kune vose. Mukuwedzera, kune vanhu vasingazivi tsika uye mhemberero dzakasiyana-siyana, vaJudha "vakasiyana" vachaita sevakangofanana, sezvo kusiyana kwakanyanya mumashoko maduku, izvo dzimwe nguva zvisingaratidziki.