Mumuviri makemikari zvivako kwemafuta. Kufuta uye makemikari zvivako

Boka inokosha Organic yeimwe - lipids - pamwe steroids uye waxes zvinosanganisira kwemafuta. kugutsikana kwavo masero mapenyu anoda kubva 5 kusvika 10% kubudikidza yakaoma muchitokisi uremu. Izvi zvinhu vakadzidza, kunobva hunhu hwavo samolecular mamiriro, anokonzera makemikari ehupfumi kwemafuta. Chemistry pakati Organic Compounds muchifunga zvinhu izvi sezvo zvibereko esterification maitiro pakati trihydric doro glycerol uye yakakwirira muganhu kana unsaturated carboxylic acids.

Munyaya ino, tichaongorora kwete chete kushandisa kwavo bhizimisi uye mutengo, asi kuti vawane kwemafuta uye makemikari zvivako kuti anowanzoramba vekirasi iyi yeimwe.

History yakawanikwa

The mamiriro kwave akadzidza pakati pezana remakore rechi19. kemisiti French E. Chevrel neshungu navo nemvura pamberi alkali uye zvigadzirwa anowanikwa maitiro mamorekuru ose mafuta acids uye glycerol. M. Berthelot aiva pakatarisana maitiro: kana neshungu nemuvhenganiswa glycerol uye palmitic acids steorinovoy agamuchira triglycerides - mafuta. Pachishandiswa kuedza izvi, yakanga vakagumisa kuti vadzidza zvinhu ndezvaJehovha mukirasi esters. Makemikari ehupfumi kwemafuta ndikazvisimbisa mhedziso iyi.

Mafuta - esters

Sezvo akaratidza nokuongorora uye E. M. Berthelot Chevrel, triglycerides muri esters ose trihydric doro glycerol uye yakakwirira monocarboxylic acids. Mafuta rine steorinovuyu kana palmitic asidhi ndiyo yakasimba Somuenzaniso, nyama, nyama yenguruve, gwayana. Izvi mhuka kwemafuta. Kana Zvinoumba triglycerides zvinosanganisira unsaturated mafuta acids - oleic, linoleic, linolenic - vakadaro mvura mafuta dzinonzi anonhuwirira (sunflower, groundnut, linseed).

Chemical ehupfumi mafuta vari kusiyaniswa nevamwe esters nechokwadi chokuti nemamiriro mamorekuru dzingasanganisira siyana carboxylic acids.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Vose dzinongoitika uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa, zvakadai margarine, triglycerides dzinowanikwa zvinhu. Chief pakati pavo - hydrophobicity, pasi utsotso tembiricha uye vakaderera chaizvo arambe achirema. Ivo kuiparadza zvakanaka zvinoita zvokufembedzwa, semuenzaniso, benzene, carbon tetrachloride. mafuta ose nyore kunyura ne porous kana fibrous zvinhu. Maererano dzidziso kwemakemikari mamiriro ose Organic yeimwe M. Butlerov, panyama uye makemikari zvivako kwemafuta ukama. Kusimbiswa chokwadi ichi achapiwa pazasi.

Nemakemikari triglycerides

Quantitative uye Qualitative Kuronga mafuta mamorekuru, uyewo yaro spatial configuration inosimbisa chokwadi unobva kukirasi triglyceride esters. Chavainyanya makemikari pfuma - maitiro nemvura (hydrolysis). It nyore rinowanikwa pamberi catalysts - alkali, magnesium oxides, zingi kana karusiyamu. The dzakaonekwa zvakaitwa zvinogadzirwa vasanganise carboxylic acids uye glycerine. Sezvo kuita reversible nemvura, mafuta, indasitiri asike zvinhu pasi izvo chobudira kusvikira pakuguma - rakananga paumbwe glycerol uye yakakwirira monocarboxylic acids. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kuti reactive musanganiswa yakanga ichi- zvokudya kune alkali mhinduro uye zvigadzirwa vari pauri zvakananga kubva zvakaitwa wongoramba. Nzira idzi kutadzisa mukana panowanikwa neizvi muitiro, zvichiita kuti paumbwe mafuta. Hydrolysis zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa makemikari kwetunhu kemisitiri hwokubereka pamusoro zvinhu.

Zvingaitwa alkali saponification

Tovapa kudzidza Organic zvinhu - esters. Kwemafuta uye kwemakemikari zvivako izvo vanomirirwa hydrolysis maitiro, rinogona vakaita pamwe alkali. Uku kuita inonzi saponification, uye anodzivisa nedanho esterification. The zvichiguma alkaline saponification kuti mafuta asidhi uye glycerol aiitirwa pamwe yavaibvisa carbonate kana yavaibvisa hydroxide. Zvinoguma sipo.

Hazvina zvikukutu, ane nzira C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa akadana zvoupfumi. Kana akawedzera kwazviri colorants, glycerin, zvizorwa zvinonhuhwirira, wana sipo. Liquid sipo, kusafanana hwakasimba mhando rwaiwanikwa kana mafuta ari saponification maitiro havasi hwakakanyiwa yavaibvisa hydroxide uye potassium hydroxide. Somuenzaniso, potassium palmitate, C ₁₅ H ₃₁ COOK - mvura potassium Sipo. Raw zvinhu nokuti saponification maitiro vari zvakachipa mafuta mhuka kana muriwo mavambo.

Liquid mafuta - mafuta

It rinoumbwa mamorekuru ose unsaturated carboxylic acids vane miviri zvisungo. Muriwo mafuta vari synthesized mune Mipata yose endoplasmic reticulum kubudikidza kuitwa makemikari kubva glycerol uye mafuta acids. Ivo, akavapindurawo, vari yakaumbwa muna Calvin kutenderera siyana zvinoitika somugumisiro photosynthesis. The mumate mafuta kuunganidza muna mbeu, michero, dzinenge dziri vegetative zvikamu chirimwa uye kushanda kugoverwa muviri. Physicochemical ehupfumi kwemafuta inoumbwa miti, nokuda kwe kaviri Pi zvisungo mamorekuru dzavo. Panzvimbo atsamwira kuitika kuwedzera maitiro Somuenzaniso, rehydrogen maatomu. Izvi zvinotungamirira kuti paumbwe zvakasimba hydrogenated triglycerides.

The kwemakemikari ehupfumi kuti muriwo mafuta

Sezvambotaurwa kare, triglycerides kuti miriwo mavambo ane mu sezvamunoita dzavo dzakanga unsaturated carboxylic acid. Mafuta inogona kupatsanurwa kuburikidza hydrogenation. Izvi zviri kuitwa pasi kudziyisa uye pamberi anowedzera - particulate nickel.

The Zvakaitwa chigadzirwa - hwakasimba mafuta (hydrogenated mafuta). kushandiswa kwaro muna kugadzirwa steorina, glycerol uye sipo kugadzira. Kana salomas wedzera shuga, munyu, mukaka uye zvokudya coloring, ipapo wana Mishonga mafuta - margarine. Kana achiwedzera kwachiri mavhitaminzi uye zvakasikwa ruomba akagadzirira anonzi mafuta chiedza - kupararira.

chakaita zvokugadzirwa mafuta

Ndivo isingadhuri kupfuura dzinongoitika, uye vari kuzivikanwa kwavo dzinongoitika triglyceride sezvamunoita. Mumwe vanonyanya kupa chakaita zvokugadzirwa mafuta - zvakasikirwa uye aishamwaridzana peturu gasi, uyewo mafuta pacharo. paraffins yakakwirira yaiva izvi zvakasikwa zvicherwa, iri oxidized. Zvinoguma chakaita zvokugadzirwa mafuta acid. kudyidzana kwavo ethylene glycol kunobereka chakaita zvokugadzirwa mafuta. Rinoshandiswa nenzira redehwe indasitiri (nokuti fatliquoring kuti makushe namatehwe uye matehwe). Mugore zvizorwa indasitiri chakaita zvokugadzirwa triglycerides akashandiswa zvaAtemisi chimbuzi Sipo, mumakenduru, lotions. In zvokuvakisa indasitiri vari chakagadzirwa mafuta kuti pagadzirwe coatings, putties, pendi.

Makemikari ehupfumi kwemafuta yaunganidzwa chakagadzirwa nzira, hazvina kusiyana zvepanyama. Ivowo vangauya panzvimbo hydrolysis maitiro pamberi ane asidhi uye pasi ane alkali (saponification kuita).

Sezvo triglycerides anobudiswa mumuviri womunhu

Nekuti metabolic kuita mafuta masero mumuviri inogona synthesized kubva zvakawandisa makabhohaidhiretsi. Izvi rinotsanangura chokwadi chokuti inondimukira kudyiwa zvokudya zvakawanda starch uye sucrose (furawa zvigadzirwa, mupunga, mbatatisi, zvihwitsi), zvinotungamirira yokufutisa. In nedanho kugaya zvigadzirwa ane mafuta ari duodenum unodokwairira glycerol uye mafuta acids. hydrolysis yavo ndepana kwairayirwa Kupinda lipase - pancreatic makemikari uye bile secreted ne chiropa. Sezvo sipo, bile emulsifies mafuta, kureva Anoparadza mamorekuru guru kupinda mumate yakaisvonaka nyore cleavable lipase.

The villi of ura duku dziri synthesized mafuta mamorekuru chaicho muviri, uye ipapo vari wefodya unopinda node. The node midziyo mafuta kupinda muchitokisi, uye nekumwisa wavo iiswe subcutaneous mafuta kana mafuta chisimbiso.

The zvipenyu Basa lipids

Nokudzidza makemikari ehupfumi kwemafuta, omerera kugona kwavo secrete yakawanda simba, mumwe giremu mafuta inopa 37,8 KJ simba kubva kwakakwana oxidation. Naizvozvo triglycerides - ayo Generic bhizimisi. Saka, mafuta - zvokudya zvinokosha. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pamwe sizvo uye refu okuchengetera triglycerides "zera" uye rancid, pakuwana risingafadzi kwakanaka. Izvi kunoitika nokuda kuonana namafuta kubudikidza mumhepo okisijeni. Akatanga anovava mafuta ari nyore kuona kana kuwedzera kwairi potassium iodide. Peroxides zviri chigadzirwa, mukomboni ino oxidized kusunungura ayodhini, izvo chinoita yebhuruu ruvara pamusoro kuonana starch tubhokisi zvinhu.

Mafuta zvinokosha chivakwa zvinhu zvakare uye tiri chikamu cellular membranes uye organelles. Great iri basa ravo thermoregulation zvinenge. Somuenzaniso, mhuka mhenyu takawanda dzakadzika apo tembiricha mvura yakaderera chaizvo, vane dzakabudirira zvakanaka subcutaneous rukoko mafuta, semuenzaniso, hove huru inogona kusvika Ukobvu 1.5 m. Mhuka inowanzorimwa, mugwenga uye Semi-mugwenga uyewo kuunganidza mumuviri wayo ane zvakakwana yakawanda mafuta. Zvakafanira kwavari seinokonzera endogenous mvura, sezvo iri oxidation mafuta kuwedzera simba, yakawanda emura. mhuka dzakadaro dzinosanganisira ngamera, inosvetuka, shrews.

Lipids basa rinokosha pakudzivirira zvomukati. Murume ari zvakanaka kunyatsobudirira mafuta chisimbiso kudzivirira dumbu, zvomudumbu shwanu kukuvara zvemukati. nhengo dzakadaro dzinokosha sezvo itsvo, vanofanira kuva paiva mafuta. Unopinza uremu mune renal munhu kusiya zvingaitika nokuda rive dete pamusoro layer iri kwakakomba zvokurwara, kunokanganisa excretory hurongwa.

High ukoshi lipids pakugadzirwa muchitokisi membranes. Pamwe makabhohaidhiretsi uye mapuroteni, vanoumba maviri akaturikidzana ane wezvidimbu marongerwo. Compounds kwemafuta kuti mapurotini anonzi lipoproteins. Vanovata permeability zvokusarudza foni membranes.

Nyaya iyi vakaongorora makemikari anoumba uye zvivako kwemafuta, uyewo kwavo kushanda mu indasitiri.