Masvosve-APÓSTOL Sergey Ivanovich, Decembrist: Biography

Bright upenyu pfupi pamusoro S. I. Muraveva-APÓSTOL ari zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe zviitiko yeRussia mukutanga XIX remakore. Leo NdiTolstoy, asina kugoverana pfungwa Decembrists, akaitumidza mumwe yakanakisisa vanhu kwete chete kuti asi vamwe nguva dzose. A muzukuru ane mhuri yekare, uyo ari hama yakakurumbira Ukrainian Hetman Danylo APÓSTOL, Sergei, uyo vakuru mazita Decembrists, akava wepachokwadi Republican uye chinoshingaira anokumhan'arira kuti serfdom.

Childhood Muraviev-APÓSTOL

September 28, 1796 mwana chechina akaberekwa mumhuri imwe yokutungamirira Ivana Matveevicha Muraveva-APÓSTOL, ainzi Sergei. Nguva pfupi pashure aberekwa, Vinogradov akatumwa Emperor Paul I nhume kuna kuHamburg, apo akaenda nemhuri yake. Tadzokera muna 1801 mu Russia, Vinogradov nokukurumidza vakatamira Madrid bhizimisi. Pasi kumanikidzwa akauya simba kuFrance, Napoleona Rossiyskaya basa rave wakasuduruka Spain. Kusiya mhuri yake Paris, Vinogradov kuRussia uye vakagamuchira basa. Sergey Education kunotanga Hicks 'hostel apo akabva vakaonawo glibness uye kwazvo kuita mune zvedzidzo nyaya.

Homecoming

Apo vana pataikura kunze uye kutaura French, pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu mai, vakanga pfungwa yakasimba uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika uye rudo Russia. Zvisinei, kana muna 1809 mumhuri vakadzokera St. Petersburg uye vana vachifara vakarikunda shure, Anna Semyonovna, mai vavo pakarepo akanyevera kuti Russia ndiyo nyika varanda, achitaura serfdom. mano Brilliant kwemasvomhu Sergei kumubvumira muna 1810 kupinda richangobva kuumbwa College of Railway Engineers nyore.

Kubatanidzwa Hondo 1812

Pashure Napoleon yokurwiswa kwakaitwa Russia, mudzidzi wakatumwa kunoshanda kumuzinda hondo, akaraira Kutuzov. Muna June 1812 iri Sergey-makore 15 akagamuchira rubhabhatidzo moto hondo Vitebsk, uye ipapo wechidiki refutenendi akatora mugove Hondo Borodino. The wemasoja M. I. Kutuzov akaedza kuramba naye padzimbahwe, asi panguva yakaoma muduku mukuru sezvo chikamu demining boka pasi rinorema moto French akavaka uye akatsigira nokusimbaradza pakati redoubts.

Tarutino kurwa

Zvinorehwa Tarutino hondo, iyewo scored refuteneti wechipiri, uyo asina kusvika rechi16 gore, haana chete kuti kubudirira zvabuda vakanga kubudirira kokutanga, asiwo pakurera mweya mauto eRussia. Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti hondo tarutino nokubudirira kwayo muna October 1812 akamanikidza Napoleon kusarudza kusada inogarwa Moscow. Zvino kwaiva kukuru hondo Maloyaroslavets, izvo zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti Napoleon akaramba zvakare mberi muna Kaluga, chikuru mauto kweuto Russian akatanga kutevera kuenda French mauto. Pashure vamwe Maloyaroslavets kubva nhamba akatumira kubva chikoro kuti hondo vakadzokera St. Petersburg kuramba zvidzidzo zvake, asi Masvosve-APÓSTOL Sergey Ivanovich akasarudza kugara muchiuto. Participation Muraviev-APÓSTOL zvimwe hondo kuti kusunungurwa Yababa kubudikidza nechisimba French yaiitwa awarding munondo yendarama, uye ronga pachinzvimbo chevatatu refutenendi. Pashure makatodzinga Napoleon kubva Russia, akanga paakavapa ari Order of St. Anne III-fung dhigirii.

vatorwa danidziro

Achida kubatanidzwa mune mhiri kwemakungwa mushandirapamwe,-makore 16 mukuru, vakaita kugadzwa ari rechiuto pamusoro Chasseurs. Nokuti nyaya pasi Lutzen (Germany) Masvosve-APÓSTOL Sergey Ivanovich, ane Biography zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo, akanga paakavapa sezvairayirwa St. Vladimir 4 tbsp. uta. Kubva 1814, pasi murayiro General Rajewski, aiitawo hondo dzakawanda, uye pashure hondo pedyo Paris, muduku mukuru anogamuchira Order of Anna 2 nd it dhigirii. In Paris, iye akasangana naye Matthew wake mukoma, uye pamwe chete muna March 2014, vakadzokera Russia, apo vakanga vakamirira baba uye mukoma masere Hippolyte.

Organization yokutanga epachivande

The pachisarudzo charakaita kumukira yeRussian vanhu pamusoro yokumwe kupindirwa muna 1812 kwakaratidza simba kwomudzimu vanhuwo zvavo, kusanganisira yavarwi. Pashure mbiri pokurwa apo Russia akasunungura Europe kubva joko Napoleon, chinoziva chikamu yepamusoro Russian kwamachinda akanga akamirira kusunungurwa vanhu kwavo kubva joko autocracy. Maererano S. I. Muraveva-APÓSTOL, kusunungurwa Russia kubva joko yavo kuchatungamirira kusunungurwa yose, achasimudzira kugadzirwa uye kubudirira munyika.

The chido chokubatsira vanhu kuzvisunungura kubva muchivadzvinyirira yavanatenzi vavo, kuti uimbe muurombo tariro uye panguva imwe chete kudzivisa dzokororo zvinotyisa "Pugachev" rakaguma akanakisisa vamiririri ropafadzo kirasi kuti kudiwa rokubatanidza. Gumi rokutanga XIX remakore vakawanda vakapfuma siyana epachivande, kusanganisira Masonic vadzimu, naro vanokudzwa aigona vazadze yomudzimu pashure kushingaira mubasa zviitiko pose. Mumwe makambani aya, izvo zvakasikwa 1815, aiva "Artel navatariri Semenov hondo", akarongwa neZvapupu N. M. Muravevym. S. I. Muravev-APÓSTOL, uyo pashure achibva vatorwa pamushandirapamwe hwakatamisirwa kushanda Semenov chemazana chehondo, vakava pamwe ake mukoma Matthew nhengo pamwe. Zvinangwa vanhu zvinosanganisira vanhu 15-20 vakanga Undefined uye kujeka. Nokukurumidza, varayirwa Emperor nechikwata akanga emauto akadzingwa mabasa, asi nhengo dzayo mberi musangano, uye aigona kunzi hwaro pakuzadzisa Revolutionary kufamba.

"Union Salvation"

Yokutanga chakavanzika sangano vakuru ( "Union of Salvation"), rakavambwa muna 1816 muimba hama Mouravieff-APÓSTOL, iro wakapindwa Prince Troubetzkoy, Alexander uye Nikita Muravyov Iakushkin. Organization vechiduku wemapurisa, Yakazopiwa zita rokuti muna 1817 pashure kuitwa nhengo dzayo dziri Pestelya P. I. "Company wechokwadi uye vakavimbika vanakomana Yababa", sezvo iye aiva, uye akaramba IN NUMBER (30), asi pamwe nezvinangwa zvimwe runotsanangurwa zvakajeka. The chikuru basa iri muvanhu rakanga kurwira kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo kubva serfdom uye kubviswa autocracy, iro enshrined mune bumbiro wekambani. Mukuedza kurebesa ayo simba zvikuru, vachitora kwete chete kwamachinda, asiwo kirasi pakati, vatengesi, vafundisi uye vakasununguka vanhuwo zvavo munharaunda.

Aitarisira vanhu vanonzi Root puranga, raisanganisira Masvosve-APÓSTOL Sergei Ivanovich. Pamwe chete kukura nevazhinji Kusagutsikana mukati munyika uye nokusimbaradza Europe-paupamhi echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu ari "Union Welfare," zvimwe kusarudza pesvedzero vakawana vatsigiri muchiuto yakakuwandira pamusoro autocracy uye kugadzwa munhu Republican hurongwa. Kururama nzira iyi kunosimbiswa kwakanga kwatangwa chiito muna 1820 musoja runorinda Semenov hondo. Mushure kudzvinyirira kuti kuvhiringidzika Semenov hondo yakanga emauto akadzingwa mabasa, uye Masvosve-APÓSTOL Sergey Ivanovich hwakatamisirwa pachinzvimbo chevatatu konoro muna Chernigov Infantry chemazana chehondo. Yakatanga kufamba muna January 1821 Congress of Indigenous kanzuru "Union Welfare," vakazivisa pokufa kwenzanga. Zvisinei, pane haina chaizvoizvo akatakurwa kunze liquidation uye nokubatanidzwazve ari "Union", zvakazoita sangano makambani maviri kutungamirira vagari zviito.

"Southern Society"

A muchivande sangano muUkraine akatanga kusikwa zvakanga nhengo yedare Tulchin 'Welfare Union ", ainzi" Southern Society ". Rakanga inotungamirwa P. I. Pestel, musoro kupfuura Vasilievskaya kanzuru raiva Sergei Muraviev-APÓSTOL (Decembrist). zvinangwa Program uye zvebasa boka, izvo muna 1825 akakumbanira "Society of United Slavs", yakataurwa "Chokwadi Russian" rakanyorwa Pavla Ivanovicha Pestelya.

Society zvinangwa mukuwirirana basa "Union Welfare," asi akakumbira kuita zvakawanda zvokuita, pamwe kupondwa mambo decapitate racho monarchical bato. настаивал на скорейших действиях с использованием войск, находящихся под командованием офицеров – членов «Южного общества». Saka Pestel aidavira kuti kumukirawo zvinofanira kuitika guru uye kuva vakagadzirira kwazvo uye Sergey Muravyov-APÓSTOL, kuti Decembrists uye kuda nokukurumidza chiito navarwi pasi murayiro vakuru - nhengo "Southern Society".

The mukumukira of Chernigov chemazana chehondo

Pashure kukundikana uto kutaura pamusoro weSeneti Square (Saint Petersburg), pakupera December 1815 muna Chernigov chemazana chehondo, akamira muruwa Kiev, akatanga masoja bope. Chikonzero yemuna waiva vasungwe wevarwi S. I. Muraveva-APÓSTOL, uyo akanga pachake hondo mutungamiri, mushure mekugamuchira nhau yemuna muSt Petersburg. Zuva rakatevera, vapanduki vakatora Vasilkov, uye ipapo Motovilovka. In Motovilovka pamberi mutsetse wakati averenga kuziviswa vapanduki ( "Orthodox Catechism"), iro rinoumbwa Masvosve-APÓSTOL uye Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Chernigov hondo akatanga kutamira St. Petersburg tariro kuti zvinotsigirwa nemamwe muzvikamu zvechiuto. Zvisinei, tariro iyi kwakanga kusina pakwakavakirwa, uye pasi White Church, chehondo airarama nevanhu Boka hussars uye Gunners. January 3, 1826, vakanga vakundwa hurumende nemauto. Munin'ina Sergei Ivanovich, Hippolytus, haadi kuti ratorwa, bara, uye iye amene, zvakaipa akakuvadzwa, akabatwa. Panguva kuferefeta, unofamba akashinga uye makagovana, kuedza kuvharidzira mamwe masoja ake uye kuita zvakazara zvose mhosva.

Decembrist mufambo muRussia

Bato Decembrists 'muRussia raikosha pakuti havasi kuvimba imwe evanhu stratum, uye, kuenda chinouraya ngozi kusunungurwa vanhu, kwete kutarisa kwaari rutsigiro. Mamiriro ezvinhu interregnum pashure kufirwa Alexander I akabvumira kuunza Guards regiments Decembrists pamusoro weSeneti Square kuti kumanikidza weSeneti kuzivisa kuparadzwa autocracy, kubviswa serfdom uye kugadzwa enyika norusununguko.

Kuzengurira uye uncoordinated nezviito revapanduki kwakakonzera kuti yemuna pakati Decembrists (1825) vakakundwa. High Criminal Court yakasimbiswa kuti paitongwa nhengo vemauto mutiny, vakabatwa nemhosva pachinhu vanhu 121. Maererano dhigirii mhosva vose vakapinda mazita Decembrists, vakanga vakakamurwa kuva 11 pamisara. Kirasi yokutanga, kupa mutongo werufu kutanga zvino chikatsiviwa nomutemo rakaoma, vanhu 31 vakabatwa nemhosva. vanhu vashanu aiziva Commission of Inquiry ari discharges vakatongerwa kuti asungirirwe, kusanganisira Masvosve-APÓSTOL Sergey Ivanovich. Muna July 1826 mutongo akanga akatakurwa kunze.

House Muraviev-APÓSTOL

Manor Mouravieff-APÓSTOL muMoscow iri panguva Old Baseina Street. Mushure Decembrists (1825) paiva kumukira, imba yakatengeswa. Kuti kuchengeta kuyeuka rokutanga kuipandukira Russian achiri vaifunga Lunacharsky, uyo akanga achifamba kuvhura mumba-miziyamu wenhaka pakati Decembrists. Implementation hurongwa uyu chete muna 1986, asi makore mashanu gare gare akanga akavharwa nokuda ukama zvivakwa. Kukokwa muna 1991 maererano zvizvarwa Mouravieff-APÓSTOL akaita chisarudzo pamusoro kudzorerwa pakuvaka mhuri nesimba. Mushure anenge gumi kushanda zvakaoma chikuru Manor imba rave kunatsiridzwa uye was kuna Decembrists miziyamu. Pari zvino pane kugara inoshanyirwa kuratidzira uye excursions.