Mapurani Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich: basa

Pakapera October 1812 mashoko vanotyisa moto payakatanga muMoscow pashure panopindwa kuti mauto Napoleon raMwari, akasvika Ryazan. Pfungwa yokuti vaviri pavatatu Moscow zvivakwa akaparadza Ainyanya zvisingatsungiririki umwe guru vapoteri, nekuti murongedzeri Kazakov akaita paakapiwa tarenda ake ose kushongedzwa Pervoprestolnoj ezvivako muna dzekare manyorerwo uye "Russian Gothic".

Zvechokwadi Russian akitekiti

Akaberekerwa muna 1738 mumhuri uyo akabva serfs, kwaitsigirwa kuti chinokosha zvevafundisi chinzvimbo. Kuburikidza zvemashoko baba murongedzeri Matvei Kazakov muna 1751 vakabvuma kuti pachikoro yakakurumbira mapurani Dmitriya Vasilevicha Uhtomskogo (1719-1774), uyo akavakira yakawanda zvivako Munguva Queen Elizabeth. Kuwedzera unyanzvi chikoro huru Kazakov vawana unyanzvi hunoshanda musangano okuvaka, kusarudza zvinhu uye michina. Rakava kuzivikanwa unhu hwake.

Lightweight vanodhirowa yakarurama, chivimbo mufananidzo kuumbwa zvikamu - zvakanga zvagara zvinowanika muchimiro tenzi kubva muduku. unyanzvi hwake hwakajeka aiita pamusoro mienzaniso yakanakisisa mapurani nhaka kare, kudzidza Greek mirairo yekare. Kazakov mapurani akava wepachokwadi mutsigiri ane nzeve zvizere Organic dzenhoroondo maitiro.

The kuedza kutanga

Muchirimo 1763, moto zvinotyisa akaparadza Tver. Kuvakazve guta akarayiridza mudzidzi Ukhtomskogo Peter Romanovich Nikitin. Matvey Kazakov - murongedzeri vaisanganisira Nikitin muna chikwata chake, kushanda rimwe anokosha zvinhu - musha musoro chechi Tver. Catherine pachake akakoshesa II akadzorera pamusoro urongwa hutsva muguta, achidana wechipiri Tver runako (pashure St. Petersburg) muRussia.

imba Bishop, iro rakava muzinda, umo AKAMBOMIRA Catherine pamusoro pakusvika panguva achangobva vakavakazve guta, akaita zita inozivikanwa mapurani, uye murongedzeri Kazakov akatanga kugamuchira makomisheni voga kubva vakapfuma uye vakawanda rinobwinya vanhu Russian. Saka, nokuti PF Naschokina vakavaka zvikuru Manor Rye Semyonovskoe pamusoro murwizi Nara, pa Serpukhov.

Kazakov uye Bazhenov

Vasiliy Ivanovich Bazhenov (1738-1799) - kukuru Russian mapurani, akanga vezera Kazakova. Pakazosvika nguva rokusangana yavo kare Bazhenov kwapfuura pachikoro European mavakirwo mushure Academy of Arts Akanaka apedzera makore akawanda muFrance uye Italy. Iye akaita muenzaniso St. Peter muRoma namaberere. Louvre muParis, soaking kukwira ruzivo uye zvakaitika vaitungamirira vatenzi pakati classicism French: Claude-Nikola Ledu, Jacques-Zhermena Sufflo nevamwe.

Kusiyana Bazhenova Kazakov I kumbobva Russia, saka edza kuwedzera ruzivo Bazhenov pfungwa mavakirwo somupristi unyanzvi, kuti uvhure runako itsva mavhoriyamu anofambidzana, yekuronga zvisarudzo, ari kwokunatsiridzwa yakarongedzwa. Works Matthew Fedorovich aifarira Bazhenov, uye akamukumbira kuti pamwe pamusoro chikuru mirairo akagamuchira kubva Empress pachake.

"The Kremlin rwendo"

Ekaterina Velikaya akanga Moscow nemanzwiro dzakaoma. Kwazvo musiyano pakati St. Petersburg - guta guru Zvikuru Europe - Rokutanga Chigaro, apo akanga haufi Byzantine Asian mweya, izvo zvaiita kwaari muenzaniso of Kremlin. Zvakanga pano aida kutanga Europeanization of Moscow, titarisire kuti chirongwa vavakezve peguta Bazhenov.

Chinzvimbo chirongwa, akafunga "rwendo nokuda pakuvaka Kremlin Palace", kunyange Empress sezvisingadaviriki kukuru. Bazhenov zvinganaka kuputsa chivako mutana uye kuvaka hombe multi-storey yamambo, akatarisana mi- pamadziro murwizi, asi nemashoko rokuumba nokuvhara huru nhungamiro TOUR mumigwagwa Moscow.

Mumakore mashanu, basa rakapera, akaita huru muenzaniso Grand Kremlin Palace. Kunyange yakatarwa kwenheyo chivakwa chitsva uye akatema kwemudhuri, asi zvino havana kuwana. Catherine akarasikirwa kufarira chirongwa, anoita Moscow vakatyisidzira ukuru kuchamhembe guru uye akabvunza huru zvekushandisa. Naizvozvo vakagadzwa kuti atungamirire vavakezve Kremlin, MF Cossacks (mapurani pamwe zvakawanda maoko-zvakaitika pane Bazhenov) kudzorera wakaparadzwa kwemudhuri, uye akavaka pamusoro akagadzirira pakutanga kuvakwa nzvimbo itsva Government - Seneti. Asi kutanga, iye akaramba kushanda pamwe Bazhenov.

Kuberekwa "Russian Gothic"

Muna 1775, panguva behest pakati Catherine muMoscow akatamba mutambo panguva iyo annexation pakati Crimea uye kuguma Kuchuk Kainarji pamwe vokuTurkey. Kuti aite izvi, ari Khodynka vakanga chakavakwa pfupi yemapuranga setende unoratidza Turkish guta. Achiita basa iri rakanga vakachengeteswa "Kremlin rwendo" rinotungamirirwa Bazhenov, hwepedyo yakabatana iyo zvakare aiva akitekiti Kazakov.

Somugumisiro, kubatana kwakaita noshamisa yokuMabvazuva zvinhu uye ainakidza zvikuru vakaberekwa yomutambo, nemaune chinoshamisa chepanzvimbo, decoration manyorerwo, unonzi ekunyebera kana "Russian Gothic". Akafarira Empress Catherine, uye iye aida kudzokorora nayo kupfuura rakasimba zvinhu, kuvaka pedyo Khodynka Field Road Palace, iye anofanira kuzorora pashure rurefu kubva kuNorthern Capital. Manage basa akagadzwa Kazakov. Petrovsky Palace akava mumwe nenhongonya ose "Russian Gothic" nokuita kutungamirira Russian akitekiti Kazakov.

Seneti chivakwa muna Kremlin

Kana paiva kudikanwa pachivako guru, Chokwadi, kuti magadzirirwo wake wakavhomorwa M. F.Kazakov muMoscow - imwe mapurani, ndiye pamusoro-soro mukurumbira uye tarenda ake kutemwa. Vakavaka mativi ari mashoko kweimba weSeneti aiva yepamusoro itsva okugadzira zvinhu ake.

Kazakov Chirongwa vasina rapanzvimbo Great Palace Bazhenov, asi haana kubvumira Paaidzidza yakamboita kukwana zvachose mhinduro uye zvinoriumba. Rising pamusoro imba, iyo aifanira kuchengeta purogiramu nehurumende, kunokanganisa pakukura uye michina kuurayiwa. Kupa yose museneti kuti mutambo uye noumambo, inooneka kubva Red Square, zvinobatsira kuti vanyatsobatanidzwa ndikwane chaiwo chivako voruzhinji vari Ensemble inonyanyoshandiswa dzakaenzana uye kumativi peguta.

Epic muna Tsaritsyno

Muzinda uye paka Ensemble, inonzi "Tsarina" yakavakwa pasitendi akatenga kunze Catherine muna 1775. Aizova wokutanga chinhu chakadai raiva kunze St. Petersburg. Basa paakatumwa Bazhenov uye akaronga kushandiswa zvokufungidzira manyorerwo, akadana ekunyebera kana "Russian Gothic" uye Bazhenov akadana "nyoro" Gothic.

Basa iri murongedzeri akatora dzose shungu, kwemakore gumi akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze kuvaka zvakaoma, asi nokupedza kuvaka ayo akanga zvakare Kazakov. Pakati zvinokonzera youmambo kutsamwa, iyo yakarova Bazhenov pashure kushanyira Ekaterinoy Tsaritsyna, akadana murongedzeri zvevaPolish "nevaFreemason" - Empress akaona Masonry simba anokwanisa Enthrone mwanakomana wake - Paul I. Pane dzimwe pfungwa, chokwadi ndechipi - hazvibviri kuziva asi kupedza basa nhare zvakavapoteredza M. Kazakov. The mapurani vakaedza kunyatsoongorora kurapa shamwari uye chipangamazano, vachisiya sanganisika zvimwe zvivako Bazhenov. Suburban Moscow dzokugara pamusoro tsars Russian Tsaritsyno uye akafa, asi akararamazve ari ano chimiro, ndiko zororo yakakurumbira kuenda mumwe rainzwika Moscow.

Ounyanzvi "dopozharnoy" Moscow

Kubvira mukupera manonwe ari namasere mapurani remakore Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich achava nhasi chii chinonzi mukuru murongedzeri Moscow. Pakati Zvivako dzaro dzakawanda dzakakwirira, presences nezvivakwa uye private Estates. Vazhinji mabasa ake akanga aparadzwa moto Napoleonic nechisimba, vamwe vakanga rakavakwazve, asi mienzaniso hunoshamisa basa rake inogona kuyemurwa nhasi.

"Russian Gothic" aiva chero paangodira vapfumi uye youmambo vatengi, uye Kazakov, kunyanya yakavakwa yakakurumbira ainakidza manyorerwo. Ndiyo Chechi Metropolitan Philip muna Meshchansky Sloboda. Zvinofadza mubatanidzwa kuisa mumwe kumativi tichitarisa bhuku uye yakakwirira chatingatevedzera stucco kushongedzwa, riri kunyanya zvatinoona tarenda Kazakova-rokupenda.

Wonderful Paaidzidzisa - Church of Cosmas uye Damian musi Maroseyka - kusiyaniswa nyanzvi wemishonga curved mavhoriyamu uye zvinenge ano yokusvika kuna minimalist mu yakarongedzwa. Kuwedzera vakawanda dzoushe, machechi, private dzimba, zvivako chikoro, akavaka zvipatara matatu, rimwe nerimwe akava kushongedzwa Moscow.

A unokosha nzvimbo nokuda Moscow Kazakov - kuvaka Noble Assembly - Imba Unions. Pamadziro munguva refu kuvakazve, asi omukati kanoverengeka (the Suite, uye chinhu chikuru - the Column Hall) anobudisa pfungwa murongedzeri iri rinenge chokutanga chimiro. A mari huru, izvo chinogona kutakura vanhu 5000, zvinoorora, ari classically zvinopindirana.

Musiki Moscow XVIII remakore

Kuwedzera kune dzimwe dzimba anozivikanwa nhaka murongedzeri - kwakajeka chikuva vatenzi, mumwe mudzidzisi uyo aiva akitekiti Kazakov. Works I. V. Egotova, AN Bakareva, O. I. Bove, IG Taman vave kwakauraya nokuda zvakazosunungurwa kuzoita Moscow, panguva imwecheteyo zvinobatsira vamwe basa Kazakova 13 Albums urongwa, kwakadzikira uye zvikamu rinonyatsooneka zvivako muMoscow .

Akafa, asingakwanisi kubereka pfungwa rufu guta vanodiwa, asi tarenda tarenda uye zvakaoma Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov aisagona kurasika pasina zvikasawanirwa, uye Renaissance Moscow achiri anochengeta kuyeuka vavaki kukuru.