Dada - chii ichi? Nevamiririri Dada kupenda

Munyika yanhasi vanhu vanonyanya kunyatsotarisa tsika yavo uye kukura kwepfungwa. Hazvisiri kukwana kuva nyanzvi mune imwe nzvimbo yekuchengetedza hurukuro inonakidza mune imwe kambani yakangwara.

Kuti urege kuvhara shure kwehupenyu uye kuti usati warova dope panguva yakakosha zvikuru, tinofanira kugara tichikudzidza nekudzidza chimwe chinhu chitsva.

Munhu wose anozviona somunhu akadzidziswa ane mafungiro akanaka anofanira kunzwisisa zvishoma zvichemo zveunyanzvi nekupenda, nokuti iyi ndeimwe yemisoro yakakurumbira paunenge uchitaura nezvevanhu vasingazivikanwe munzanga yakangwara.

Kune nhamba huru yemitambo, panguva dzakasiyana-siyana yakagadzirwa nevanyori nevanyori, kubva kunyanzvi dzechirongwa kusvika kune eccentric uye anarchic pasi.

Nhasi tichataura pamusoro peimwe yenzira dzakakurukurwa zvikuru dzezana ramakumi maviri - pamusoro peDadaism.

Dadaism: Tsanangudzo

Sezvaunonzwisisa, kutanga kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri kwakashamisa vanhu nehutsinye uye hutsinye. Nyika yose yakava tsvimbo yehutsinye, yakasunungurwa nekuda kwekuzvipira, kusanzwisisiki uye kunyange kutadza kwevamwe vezvematongerwo enyika. Kusagutsikana kwevanhu vakawedzera. Zvose izvi zvakakonzera kukakavadzana uye kusanzwisiswa kwezvakanga zvichiitika zvakapararira kuburikidza nehutungamiri hwekugadzirisa kwenguva iyoyo.

Dadaism iri pachayo inotungamirirwa nehutungamiri hunyanzvi hunosiya mirairo ipi zvayo yevaraidza pamwe chete uye isingabatanidzi mitsara yakajeka uye nhamba dzejometri. Muna 1916, vaongorori, vakashamiswa nekutyisa kwehondo, vakazarura hutungamiri kuvanhu kuvanhu mumabhuku, mimhanzi, kupenda, yemitambo uye cinema. Nechirudzi urwu rwekitsch, vakaedza kuratidzira kushora kwavo simba, kukanganisa kwayo, kusava kwevanhu, manzwiro, uye utsinye izvo, mumaonero avo, vakava chikonzero chekusawirirana pakati penyika.

Muteveri weshoko rakadaro seDadaism ndezvekuzvipira, izvo zvinorambawo maonero ose.

Kuora mwoyo, kunzwa kwekusakosha kwehupenyu, kutsamwa nekusava nekutenda mune ramangwana rakanaka ndizvo zvikonzero zvekuonekwa kwechiitiko ichi, icho chinoramba mitemo yose yekunaka.

Dadaism inzira yakaratidza pachena pachena mauto ehondo uye bourgeoisie, vachiedza kurwisana nemakomism.

Zita racho rakabva kupi

Nokuda kwezita rekuyerera kwakadaro, kuratidza kusakwana kwakakwana uye kusinganzwisisiki kwezvinhu izvo zviremera zvaive zvichiita mumakore iwayo, zvakanga zvakafanira kuwana izwi rinowirirana.

Tristan Tzana, achiedza kutsvaga zita rakakodzera renzira yakangogadziriswa, akafambisa muduramazwi nemitauro yemarudzi eNguro uye akawana shoko rokuti "dada".

Saka, Dadaism - iyi inoshandurwa kubva mumutauro weNyika yeAfrica Crewe - muswe wemombe. Gare gare yakawanikwa kuti kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeItaly avo vanonzi vanoziva-mukoti uye amai vanonzi, uye "dada" yakafanana chaizvo nevana bble.

Muenzi wacho anofungidzirwa kuti hapana zita rakanaka pane iri mberi-garde.

Vavaki vezvino

Dadaism panguva imwechete yakabva kuZurich neNew York, munyika imwe neimwe zvisingatauriki. Vavatori vehurumende iyi yekurwisa-Esthetic vanosanganisira: mudetembi uye mutambi wenhau kubva kuGermany Hugo Ball, Richard Hulzenbeck, Samuel Rosenstock - mudetembi wechiFrench neRomania (muJudha nerudzi), anonyatsozivikanwa nevanhu vose pasi pezvinyorwa zvisiri pasi pechirevo chinonzi Tristan Tzara, mudetembi wechiGermany nechiFrench, muvezi uye mudhiki Arp Jean , Mutambi wechiGerman-French Max Ernest naJanko Marcel - anonzi Israel uye muRomania. Hwose huno hunozivikanwa hunhu huri pachena vamiririri veDadaism mukudhindwa, mabhuku, mimhanzi nezvimwe zvikamu zvemifananidzo.

Nzvimbo yemusangano, iyo boka revanhu rekusika rakasarudza ivo pachavo, rakava "Cabaret Voltaire". Almanac, yakasunungurwa neDadhenist yenguva iyoyo, ine zita remasangano aya.

Pasinei nokuti vanhu vakataurwa pamusoro apa vanoonekwa sevatangi vezvino zvatiri kukurukura, makumi emakore zvisati zvave nheyo, nyika yakakurumbira "chikoro chefuzism", yakagadzirwa nemufananidzo Arthur Sapek nemunyori Alfons Ale mune zana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, vakaratidza unyanzvi nemimhanzi inotakura mavari Zvose zvinonyanya kushandiswa izvi.

Vazhinji vevaBhehemi, vachishanda nenzira yeDada, vakagara muFrance neGermany, uko zvishoma nezvishoma kubuda uku kwakabatanidzwa neus-gardinism uye kuzvipira.

Dadaism muRussia yakawana mukurumbira kuburikidza neMoscow neRostov yakanyora boka reNichyovka, asi pakuguma kwaro.

Pakazosvika gore ra1923, nhungamiro iyi yakatsiviwa nemitambo mitsva inofananidzwa nemafungiro anozivikanwa. Madhadhadha akadzokidzwa kuva vatongi uye vanozvipira.

Dadaism mukupenda

Rudzi rwakakurumbira zvikuru rwekugadzirisa mumutauro uyu ndikorgeji: vazhinji vanyori, vachitora sechimwe chezvinhu zvakakodzera, vakariisa nemapande akasiyana-siyana emapepa akavaraidza, machira nezvimwe zvinhu zvinobatwa.

Dadaism mukupenda ndeye futuristic uye constructivist, apo kunofanirwa kunopiwa kune zvinhu zvakagadziridzwa zvakagadziridzwa zvinhu, kwete kumunhu nemweya wake.

Vafudzi veiyo mazano nehunyanzvi hwavo vanoedza kuparadza mutauro wemutauro wemutauro mupfungwa yakazara yezwi.

Vose vamiririri veDadaism mumifananidzo vanoramba zvachose zvinhu zvinonzwisisika nemabasa avo, vanoparadza zvinyorwa zvemweya uye zvemagariro zvakagadzirwa kwemazana emakore, mukutsinhanisa nekuita zvifananidzo zvisina maturo uye makorogi anonakidza neanoona uye mapenzi. Zvisinei, ivo vanobudirira kwazvo, nokuti vanonyatsoenderana nehurumende yevanhu.

Hapana zvakare zvakanyatsoenderana nekutungamirira mabhuku kudarika Dadaism mukupenda. Vanyori venguva iyoyo vaiwanzova vanyori venguva yakawanda, iyo inonyanya kuratidzira pamabasa avo mune idzi mbiri (R. Hausman, G. Arp, K. Schwithers, F. Picabia).

Sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, chikoro che "kusvuta" chaive nechinonyanya kukonzera madhadhadha emangwana.

Vamiririri veDada vakagamuchira zvizhinji zvebasa remuenzi Marcel Duchamp, basa racho rakanga riri pamberi-garde pakutanga kwebasa rake.

Uyu muvepi mumabasa ake akapa basa guru kune zuva rega rega, zvisingashandisi zvidzidzo, izvo kune imwe nzvimbo - zvakare Dada. Mienzaniso yemabasa ake ndeye "Crusher for chocolate" №2 "uye" Wheel kubva bhasikoro ".

Basa rake, muimbi, saDadaist ose, anoseka chinangwa chakakwirira uye basa rinokosha kupfuura mamwe ose muhudhi, kudana rusununguko rwehupenzi uye hutsinye.

Dadaism mumanzwi emimhanzi uye nhetembo

Mukuwedzera kumifananidzo, madhadhadha akatorawo dzimwe nzvimbo dzekusika. Vakakwanisa kubatana mune imwe mifananidzo yekuratidzwa, mimhanzi huru, kuverenga kwemabhuku ekunyora uye mitambo.

Kurt Schwyters iDadistist uyo akazova muumbi wezvinyorwa zvinoratidzika, izvo anodana "ndima dzakanaka." Mune chimiro chekujekesa, nhau nemimhanzi inopindirana, somuenzaniso, hondo munhetembo inoratidza ruzha. Nhetembo dzakadaro dzinowanzotora zvinoreva ivo pachavo ne-anti-war uye anti-bourgeois background. Vanyori vakaseka mukati mavo zviremera uye nheyo dzetsika dzakagadzwa.

Uyewo kazhinji kacho vanhu vaipiwa basa rekunyora, risina kutaurwa nemashoko nemitsara, asi rakagadzirwa neshoko rehurukuro, tsamba, kudanidzira, uye mimhanzi huru.

Dadaism zvakare imhanzi inounzwa noukama hwakakurumbira se: Francis Piquebia, Georges Ribemon-Deses, Erwin Schulhoff, Hans Heusser, Albert Seveno, Eric Sati. Rwiyo rwavo rwakanga ruri ruzha uye vakaratidza mhuka yemhuka yevanhu, iyo yakanga isiri nguva dzose yakajeka kune munhuwo zvake mumugwagwa.

Kufambidzana mune izvi nekutarisa kwakange kusina kusiyaniswa mune zvakagadziriswa uye zvakashamwaridzana, uye zvipfeko zvevatambi zvakasimbiswa mumugwagwa we zigzag-cubism, izvo zvisina kuwedzera kwavari aesthetics.

VaDadheist, vakaneta nharo dzenyika, iyo hondo yakaunza, yakarota kubatanidza zvisikwa zvevanhu venyika mune imwe. Nzvimbo dzaidiwa mu "Voltaire Cabaret", iyo yaiita seyiyo vanhu vaifarira zvakasikwa nemasikirwo evanhu, vaiva: African music, jazz uye kutamba bhalalaika.

Ari muGermany

MuGermany, Dadaism, pamusoro pezvose, kupesana kwezvematongerwo enyika, yakaratidza kuburikidza nechimwe chinhu chakadai mune chimwe chinhu kunyange pasi peumhizha.

Maitiro emitambo yenyika ino haana kunyatsomira kuramba simba rekuita zvekugadzira, sezvakaita vamiririri veiyo maitiro mune dzimwe nyika. Pano Dadaism yakanga iri yezvematongerwe enyika uye hutsika mune hutano uye yakaratidza kusuruvara kwevanhu kwakonzerwa nehondo nemigumisiro yaro nenzira yekuparadzwa uye kusagona kukwira kubva kumarudzi enyika.

Uyewo, madzishe eGermany H. Hench naG. Gross mumabasa avo akaratidza tsitsi kune Russia, iyo panguva iyoyo yakanga iri mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Dadaism muzana remakore rechi20 rakange richiunza ruzivo rwakakura muhutano apo Gross, Hartfield, Hatch uye Houseman vakagadzira photomontage, uye vakabudisawo magazini akawanda ezvematongerwo enyika.

Muzhizha ra1920, mukuremekedzwa kwekuguma kwehondo, yakataurwa pamusoro apa inonzi intelligentsia inoronga vahedheni vakanaka, uko bohemia kubva kumativi ose enyika inoungana.

Yaiva muGermany iyo korogi yakagadziridzwa, sezvo muchibvumirano ne cubism, zvikamu zvephotomontage zvakaonekwa pairi.

Mukuwedzera kumabasa ari kutungamira kupenda, Husman anoita basa rinoonga kuzvinyorwa zvinyorwa, achipa kuvanhu vakawanda mazita "abstract" nhetembo dzinosanganisira zvinyorwa zvayo chete uye zvakafanana shamanic hiss.

Vabereki veDadaist cinema vanofunga nezvaRichter naEgeleng.

MuFrance

Dadaism mune unyanzvi yakagamuchira kunyanya kutaura kukuru muFrance, sezvo yakatanga iko kwakatanga kusati kwaonekwa zita rekushandiswa kwemazuva ano.

Pre-Dada inosanganisira hukama hwakadai saDuchamp, Picabia uye "munyori wetsotsi" - Caravan.

Ikokupedzisira yakabudisa magazini "Immediately", apo yaituka vanhu vanozivikanwa uye yakaita rongororo, kusanganisira yakagadzirwa nyaya.

Yaiva ipapo apo muvambi weDadaism, Tristan Tzana, aigara.

Paris inonzi inofanirwa nefreji-avant-garde yemazuva iwayo. Eric Satie, Picasso naCoto vakasika bhanhire rinonyadzisa iro risingabvumirwi nemafungiro ezvidzidzo zvekare. Munyika ino, Dada zviratidzo, manifestos, zviratidzo zvaigara zvichiitwa uye magazini akawanda akabudiswa.

Duchamp akasunungura mifananidzo yakashandurwa yakakurumbira yevadzidzi. Imwe nyanzvi yeDadaism ndiyo Gioconda ne prikrasennyh antennae, iyo inogamuchira zita rokuti "Iye asingakanganwiki atopisa."

Ernest, achigadzira mapeji ake, anoshandisa zvidimbu zvezvinyorwa zvekare. Anotora mifananidzo iyo munhu wose anonzwisisa, asi inopfuura yakasvibiswa nehutsvuku.

Tzana akaunza kuvanhu basa rinoshamisa rokuti "Gas Heart", iyo muna 1923 inokonzera kupesana mukati memusangano "Dada", uye Andre Breton vachida kupatsanurwa kwemazuva ano nekugadzirwa kwemazuva ano.

Muna 1924, Tzana nguva yekupedzisira inomirira dambudziko "Handkerchief of the clouds".

Dadaism muNew York

Nzvimbo yechipiri yekuberekwa yezvino ndiyo New York, iyo yakava nzvimbo yehuwandu hwevanyori vemafirimu iyo inopesana kune zviremera zveimwe nyika.

Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia, Beatrice Wood naMann Ray vakazova mwoyo weDada weUnited States of America, munguva pfupi vakabatanidzwa naArthur Creven, avo vakabva vabvisa mauto kuFrance. Vakaratidza basa ravo munzvimbo yeAlfred Stieglitz uye mumba maArenrenberg vaviri.

Vashandi veNew York havana kuronga mafungiro, vakaratidza mafungiro avo kuburikidza nemabhuku akadai se "Mapofu" uye "New York Dada", uko vakatsoropodza tsika dzakagamuchirwa nemamamziyamu.

American Dadaism yakanga yakasiyana kwazvo neEurope, haina kutora mhirizhonga yezvematongerwe enyika, asi yaive yakavakirwa kumeso.

Muna 1917, Duchamp akaisa pane urinini yemagetsi, paakaisa chiratidzo nechiratidzo "Tsime", iyo yakashamisa vose avo varipo. Icho chifananidzo, chakasarudzwa panguva iyoyo, ikozvino chaonekwa sechishongo chemazuva ano.

Nemhaka yekubva kwaDuchamp, kambani yeDadistist dzinonzi dzakaparadzaniswa.

MuNetherlands

MuNetherlands, Dadaist anozivikanwa zvikuru ainzi Theo Van Desburg, uyo akabudisa magazini inonzi De Stijl. Mapeji ebhuku rino akazadza nemabasa evanhu vanozivikanwa vanonyanya kuzivikanwa mu-avant-garde style.

Vamwe pamwe neshamwari dzake Shtirves naVilmos Khusar, uye pamwe nemudzimai wake Neli Van Disberg, akasika kambani yedhamasiko reDada.

Mushure mokufa kwaDysberg, zvakawanikwa kuti mumagazini yake akabudisawo zvinyorwa zvake, kunyange zvazvo ari pasi pezvinyorwa zvakajeka IK Bonset.

Migumisiro yeDadaism

Pakupera kwa1924 Dada senzira yakasiyana- siyana muhudhi yakarega kuvapo. Iyo yakabatanidzwa nechisarudzo chezvemagariro evanhu muFrance uye nemazuva ano eGermany. Izvi zvinomuka panguva yekusuruvara kwakakurumbira, nyanzvi dzakawanda zvakakodzera kunonzi harbinger ye postmodernism.

Panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, vazhinji Dada vanyori vakatamira kuUnited States of America.

Adolf Hitler, achiziva zvaaifunga chete, akafunga kuti unyanzvi hwe "Dada" hwakaderera, hunyengedza chokwadi (mune maonero ake) maitiro uye asina kukodzera kuvapo kwemaitiro, saka akatambudza ndokuiswa mutorongo mumisasa yevasungwa yaiita basa iri. Vakawanda vevanyori vakauya kumisasa yeGermany vaiva nemidzi yechiJudha, uye saka vanhu vaitambudzwa zvakanyanya uye vakafa.

Mazwi eDadaism ari kunyangwe achizviratidza ivo pachavo mukurwisa maitiro uye mapoka ezvematongerwe enyika ehurumende, semuenzaniso, "Society of Unfractioning." Uyewo boka rakakurumbira "Chamboemba" rinozviti rakatevedza reDadaism.

Vamwe vanyori vanofunga kuti Lenin ave nhengo yekambani yevaDadaist, sezvo iye akapinda muchechi yeBahalaika, iyo yakazara murudo neavo vakaungana paVoltaire yaCabaret, uye akagarawo kwechinguva pedyo neimba apo vamiririri vemazuva ano vakaungana.

Nguva nenguva dzinozivikanwa mumamamuziyamu anoronga zviratidzo zveDada zvinoshanda. Ichi chiratidziro chakaitwa muna 2006 mu Museum of Modern Art, iri muParis, muWashington, muNational Art Gallery uye muCentral Georges Pompidou muParis. Zviratidzo zvebasa mumutauro we "Dadaism" - mutero kune chiyeuchidzo chevanyori vakafira munguva yeNazi Germany.

Saka, regai muchidimbu muchidimbu kuti chii chaicho chazvino, uye sarudza nzvimbo dzayo huru.

• Dadaism inyanzvi ine anti-politics uye bourgeois orientation. Anopokana zvose zvinokwanisika, zvinyengeri uye zvekunamata, kutevedzera maitiro evane simba panguva iyoyo.
• Kuvepa - nzvimbo yakakosha zvikuru muzana remakore rechi20, iyo yakafarirwa naDada. Vanyori vakasika musimba iri, kazhinji vakashandisa collage, iyo inosanganisira zvinyorwa zvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakajeka, mapepa emapepanhau uye photomontage.
• Mimhanzi inomiririrwa nevatevedzeri vemamiriro aya ndeye ruzha rwemunhu.
• Zvinyorwa hazvisiwo zvakakosha, iyo yakagadzirwa nevaDadaist yaiva ndima, umo panzvimbo yemashoko seti yemisarudzo inoshandiswa, yekuyeuchidza kukumbira kwevanhu vepakutanga kune vamwari.
• Mafirimu nemitambo iripo iyezvino hazvina musoro uye zvinoshamisa, mazita asina kubviswa.
• Zvifananidzo zvavo zvinhu zvinowanzoshandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Dombo rakakurumbira kuna Dada ndiro urinal, uyo munyori akaripa zita rokuti "Tsime".
• Mukutsvaga, chimiro chacho chinoratidzwa nemubatsiro wevatambi vakapfekedzwa mune zvekugadzirisa zvinhu.
• Iyo antics yebhoemia yenguva iyoyo inogona kunzi kuratidzwa kweDadaism mumutsika wekuita.

Muchikamu chino, takaziva kuti chirevo che "dada" chii uye mune izvi zvakasangana, yakarondedzera zita rayo, yakataura pamusoro pevakiki vayo, yakaona kusiyana kweDada munyika dzakasiyana uye yakatarisa nzvimbo dzayo huru mumimhanzi, mabhuku, kupenda, cinema , Matambo uye mapurani.

Tinovimba kuti takakwanisa kupindura mibvunzo yako yose.