Helicopter V-12: zvinhu uye pikicha

Nhoroondo neherikoputa munyika yedu ine midzi kuenda kure kare pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore. Zvinosuruvarisa rokutanga muSoviet Union unokosha kukosha kuti kukura uye kuvaka helicopters havana kupa kuti kwakaguma chinokosha mukaha pamwe US. Zvose zvakachinja pashure peHondo yekuKorea. Ipapo akatendeuka akabuda kuti vokuAmerica vane yakakwirira kunyatsoshanda kushandisa helicopters kuti ushori uye sabhoteji mabasa. Naizvozvo, utungamiri munyika zvarayirwa pakarepo kumanikidza kukura mudzimba helicopters.

Pakazosvika makore 50s wekupedzisira remakore kunozivikanwa MI-6 akasikwa, hunonziwo "mhou". Kusvikira ikozvino, herikoputa ichi runoonekwa kuva shasha pakati helicopters kukura uye tonnage kuti zvinhu. Asi vashoma vanoziva kuti Soviet Union akasikwa neimwe neherikoputa uye B-12 (ainziwo MI-12), inogona yaiva yakakwirira kupfuura kunozivikanwa "Cows!"

Brief ruzivo nezvokusikwa muchina

Apedza kusika hofori zvechokwadi Mi-6, zvose mainjiniya vaitungamirira uye vagadziri OKB inotungamirwa M. L. Milem akaramba kufunga kuti tinogona kuwedzera kukura uye kurema helicopters haina aneta. Mukuwedzera, hondo uye nyika upfumi sezvo mhepo inodiwa ndege itsva. Vatungamirire ngaatore-kure aifanira kuva kutwasuka, uye kukwanisa kutakura mitoro - matani 20 kana kupfuura. Chirevo pamusoro thousand akapiwa "carte Blanche" kutanga neherikoputa idzva, pakusikwa iyo kwakatangwa muna 1959.

Muna 1961 nayo yakabudisa chakarongwa ouzivi bhuku. Rinoreva nokuumba neherikoputa inokwanisa Kusimudza mitoro yairema kwete asingasviki 20 kana 25 matani. Asi kunyange neherikoputa V-12 - haisi muganhu zvikumbiro of Soviet muchiuto uye varimi. Saka, panguva iyoyo vari Bureau rakaitwa shanduro muchina, vaikwanisa Kusimudza matani 40 nhumbi (B-16 / Mi-16). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvakafanana zvirongwa vakanga vakadzidza uye vokuAmerica, asi vanopfuurira yokunyora nokudhirowa havana kuwana. Asi basa thousand pakupedzisira akanyengetedza Central Committee of Communist Party mu chokwadi nokuumba neherikoputa akadaro.

Muna 1962, waishandiswa basa rakanga dzakachinjwa kamwe zvakare. Mainjiniya vakarayirwa kuti pfungwa nokuumba neherikoputa pamwe nhumbi kabhini, zvakafanana unhu kuti ari OKB Antonov ndege. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti muchina mutsva richashandiswa, kusanganisira nokuti kure kutakurwa siyana muchiuto zvokushandisa, kusanganisira ballistic intercontinental zvombo yokutevedzera 8K67, 8K75 uye 8K82. Ndizvo akasika Mi-12 neherikoputa zvikurukuru kuti zvinangwa zvechiuto.

The shanduro marongerwo rokutanga

Anenge zvose zvipfuwo uye Western Zvinovheneka neherikoputa nyaya vaidavira kuti nokuumba neherikoputa yakadaro zvakanakisisa wakanyatsokodzera zvakanaka vakadzidza uye zvakanaka nekusimba longitudinal zano. Tiine Yak-24 akaiswa kuongorora ayo pangave muhondo. Uye U.S. zvakananga ichi vawana "Boeing-e» V-44. It mainjiniya ari muenzaniso wavo munyika chaiko havawanzoiti dambudziko yakawiriranwa chaizvo mumwe rotors. Avo unyanzvi hunodiwa kuti uzive kuti kufamba maviri chete injini munzira dzakasiyana-ndege ezvinhu uye kushanda sezvo zvive zvinobetsera zvikurusa kushandisa longitudinal redunhu, apo nokudzivisa zvainovhiringidzawo ayo makuru. A chepfungwa B-12 akava nemasiraidhi akapendwa screws. Sezvo ari weboka bvunzo ariko ngozi bindepinde akatakura zvinhu vaizivikanwa, vaifanira kuiswa pamwe risingamboshandisi bindepinde. Nokuti ichi kunyange aitofanira kubayira zvimwe aerodynamic unhu muchina mutsva.

Somugumisiro, mashoko fuselage ikanyarara zvachose kundosangana zvekushandisa nokurondedzerwa, sezvo haisisina guru uye unwieldy. Asi kwete kunyange chokwadi ichi ndicho chikuru zvakaipira zvakagadzirwa ichi. Basic uye dzinouraya miscalculation mainjiniya akarara ndechokuti mhepo intakes rimwe boka injini yaive pedyo chiutsi nzira yokubudisa mamwe. Nechekare mu miedzo, kwakaonekwa kuti injini mu izvi zvinhu zvichida kutanga pakaitika. Uye ari kutiza chairo hwakazarawo mudanga uye duku kutadza. Nokudaro, Mi-12 - the neherikoputa, iyo drafting ramakaudzwa vagadziri zvatiomera vakawanda.

Uyezve, mamwe Kuongorora longitudinal zano kwaita kuti mwoyo mhedziso; hazvina haabvumiri kuti vabudirire chikuru zvinoita ndege siringi. Kumhanya uye kurema mutoro kuti uchasimudzirwa uye havana kusvika ndima. Zvakanga Vakawanawo kuti pakuparwa kukundikana vaviri injini zvina muchina inowira murusununguko kuwa. Uye akaratidza kuti kana ndege remba, uye kana achibhururuka yakaderera tembiricha ezvinhu, simba Motors iri yekudyidzana ipfupi. Ndokusaka longitudinal vematunhu vagadziri vachibvumirana akasarudza kuramba.

mberi tsvakurudzo

Sam ML thousand zvinganaka kunzwisisa pokukurukura tarisiro mamwe namano fuselage mamiriro. Chokutanga, nyanzvi zvinganaka kushandisa zvakanaka kudzidza chete-rotor marongerwo. Asi vakawana kuti zano aine rotor ndege-dzinofambiswa kurega (nokuda buda guru saizi) kuti miedzo tevera. Asiwo zvokuimba nemotokari zvakazoonekwa kuva minimini. Panguva nemiedzo zvakanzi Vakawana kuti giya magadzirirwo anotendeuka kunyanyokwidziridzwa kuoma. Chokutanga, wakaoma kuedza kurarama, akatora vaviri kwakajairika mano Mi-6 uye achiisa pamusoro mutsigiri mugodhi.

Kuti fananidza mainjiniya kunyange kushandiswa yokugadzira mureza sikuruwa chipasa Ni-6. Panyaya iyi chete akashandisa inboard mazano mukuru urefu. Saka kuti B-12 (neherikoputa) akaedza kure sezvinobvira anobvumirana dzimwe specimens zviri unyanzvi kuti kuderedza mutengo waro zvisikwa nokuchengetedza. Haiwa, mune nenguva nenzira chokusika chinhu chakadai aitenge. Zvakanga akasarudza kutanga kugadzirwa vakasununguka papi turbine pamwe wehunyambiri mugodhi. Saka akaisa zvakananga pasi huru giya. The gasi jenareta kwakabatana pacho pachishandiswa rinokosha Mapaipi.

In musimboti ichi, kuti turbine pacharo dzinovaka vari dzinokwanisa nyore, nokuti haana zvinodiwa bevel rachulis zvakawanda. Dambudziko raiva kuti pagadzirwe yakaderera-nokukurumidza gearbox ane dhayamita zvishoma kupfuura mamita mana - ndiko basa zvakaoma. Zvechokwadi, yokupedzisira vaiwanzoti kwataisvika. Zvichida, nenzira, kuti herikoputa ikatsva muSiriya (04.12.16.) Kwakaitika chaiyo nokuda kukundikana injini yokuderedza.

The vasvike transverse mufananidzo Hull mamiriro

Tatarisana zvose matambudziko aya zvakananga, muna 1962 pakupedzisira ari OKB thousand nyanzvi vakasarudza kusiya pfungwa "chete-injini kuedza." Vakadzokera zano pamwe injini maviri. Zvisinei, nguva ino kwakasarudzwa kushanda mumwe musiyano wezvinyorwa ane transverse injini urongwa. Saka akava neherikoputa, "12", iro rine mapikicha munyaya ino.

Chokwadi, hakuna kuitwa iyi pasina matambudziko. Zvose izvi akabatanidza nechokwadi chokuti helicopters rakakura kudai munyika hapana ati kuvakwa. Saka mainjiniya veSoviet vaifanira kutora basa rakaoma yemapiyona. Zvisinei, masayendisiti munyika dzokuMadokero vakaramba vakaedza kuumba rotorcraft kuti zano iri. Asi vari kakawanda nokunzwa vaine kukundikana.

Kunyange vakawanda mudzimba nyanzvi kubva TsAGI aidavira kuti hazvina kukodzera messing pamwe transverse urongwa Motors. Of Mile nevamwe vake hazvina kutya. Nyanzvi nomazvo nechivimbo akasika gwaro kwekutanga uye vakaratidza chinhanho kwayo pamberi basa hurumende. Pashure paizvozvo, guru neherikoputa munyika Mi-12, aiva "munhu kutanga muupenyu."

Kurwa vibration

Zvakare, kuti chikwata zvakazara kufunga rinokosha ruzivo chokuzviona vashandi pamusoro OKB I. P. Bratuhina. Chinonetsa chaiva chiedza yakakwana magadzirirwo uye simba mapoka nokunyaradza hwindimiri. Option ane chaiwo rectangular bapiro ndege chete aifanira kuraswa, sezvo zvaida kukura neherikoputa chikamu ichi akagadzira unowana kumuremera uye yainetsa. Zvakanga zvakafanira kuti pave kunyaradzana raizoparidzwa zvachose akanga asina matambudziko nomuzvarirwo rakarasika vibrations uye dzimwe instabilities yomuka. Asi zvikuru ngozi yakanga mukana pakuva simba mhepo resonance, izvo kunyanya pachena screws pamusoro kwakavharwa nenyama hwaro. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kuti herikoputa V-12, hunhu yatiri tsanangura, akanga mukana wose kuti isaparara mudenga.

Kana tichishanda okutanga prototypes apera, nemiedzo kwokutanga, kwakasarudzwa kuti tiite zvakananga muchitoro, saka vamwe ine nezvikanganiso, kana paine chero, kururamisa pakarepo, pasina kutambisa nguva. Kuti vabudirire kubata ndege, chaiwo aishingaira tambo uye vibrators kuti kutevedzera resonant nezvekufadza kunobva vachishandisa kutenderera sikuruu raishandiswa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunyange nokuda chete nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa vashandi vose vaigona nyore mubayiro, sezvo hapana akafanana nawo ari ndege nyika indasitiri havana inoitwa. Nokukurumidza pashure pakuongororwa akasimbisa Kururama Masvomhu. Uye muna 1967, herikoputa kwakawanikwa vagadzirira chaiyo ndege nemiedzo.

Baseline zvechadenga neherikoputa

Nokudaro, herikoputa V-12 aiva mana-uye-chokufambisa michina, yakavakwa pamusoro echimurenga pamuchinjikwa-chikamu chati. ROTOR vave yaainge MI-6. Dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa refu kumugumo cantilever. Zvinosuruvarisa Chisarudzo ichi chaiva handizvo zvachose, nokuti Mi-6 sikuruu, riri kwete chaizvo duku saizi, akanga zvakajeka kukwana. Ndaifanira kumanikidzira injini. More chaizvo, kuEdo Solov'eva akasika vakaparadzana mhando A motor-25F, ane simba rakanga yakawedzera pakarepo kusvika 6500 litres. a. Zvaindishayisa kwamapapiro, izvo zvinopa kuti yakanakisisa aerodynamic kuita akapa muchinjikwa chikamu V-zvakaumbwa.

Zvakananga pakati chikamu scripting yokuderedza echimurenga design, kushandiswa nokupfuuridzirwa mugodhi kutsemuka. kusiyana Its nhema kwete zvakakwana yaunonyanya kushandisa zvose screws, uye kwazvo basa racho swash uye anokwanisa kuparadzira kushushikana zvakaenzana kuitira kuti anobvumira ndege kunyange kana injini maviri akatadza rimwe divi! Chinotsva vakanga pumped zvose bapiro uye vakaparadzana Matangi vakatasva. Kubudirira kugadzirisa kwakadaro rave vaudzewo sezvo guru neherikoputa munyika Mi-12 akaita chimwe-nguva ndege kubva kuMoscow Ahtubinsk.

Zviri fuselage

The fuselage iri kugadzirwa maererano Conceptual urongwa monocoque. Sezvo nomazvo akaisa rimwe vanachiremba vatorwa vanobvumirwa aongorore neherikoputa, mukati, zvakanga zvakafanana "hofori Gothic Church." Ini dzatora yose pamberi kabhini rikarira, raiva maviri-nyaya, uye kupa nyaradzo isingaenzaniswi panguva kuti vafambisi vezvikepe. In yose, kwaiva matanhatu rakarira chelochek. Uye vana vavo vari riri pasi wokutanga, uye vamwe - musi wechipiri. The muswe Chikamu akanga achiwana simba manera nokuvhara kurova-rova.

zvakagadzirwa Izvi zvinobvumira (kushandisa dzemagetsi winches simba) kuti kumutsa mungarava kunyange chiedza matangi, kwete kushandisa kuti kuedza ichi chikuru. Uyewo, herikoputa V-12, ane kugadzwa zvainyatsokonzerwa rechiuto, aifanira kuti mukana. The hombe huru mupanda aigona kutakura varwi vanenge 200 zvizere giya uye 158 vakakuvadzwa (pamwe proviso kuti dzinenge ¾ vaiva pakamubhedha). Raiva pasi fuselage muswe, zvakaitwa ndege mhando, vakapakata elevators. Kunyanya kwaikosha vakasunungura, anogona yekudyidzana kuvandudza kururama rokudzora helicopters kutizirako. Akashanda kuburikidza synchronizer pavanoparidza mashandiro nokudzora kukwirira kwenzwi pamusoro screws.

Kazhinji, kudzorwa redunhu B-12 kubvira zvakaramba mureza pamusoro helicopters zvose aine muchinjikwa chakagadzirwa. Saka, kuti vachasimudza yaidzorwa chaizvo shanduka-nenamo rotors. Zvinogonekawo kudzora kutsvetera yacho neherikoputa. Michina ndivo chokupika longitudinal BALANCInG, cyclic nenamo (kuchinja ayo waivako) aigona kugadzirisa kutungamirirwa inofamba pakati neherikoputa.

Safety - First!

All neherikoputa kuzvidzora uye wiring hurongwa rakagadzirwa kufungisisa zvaibvira mukana kusarurama uye yakakwirira kwevari kukweshera. Kureva, kusimbisa yakaiswa kurudyi kupfeka nemishonga. Yakanga yakagadzirirwa mumatanho maviri. Saka, vaiva nesekondari hydraulic amplifiers, uye boka otomatiki synchronizers, huve nyore zvikuru kudzorwa neherikoputa pamwe injini mana. Huru hydraulic gadziriro iri muNzvimbo chete mupanda sezvo huru gearbox. Anokosha amplifiers, mukuwedzera, dzakawedzerwa nemashoko back-up hurongwa, riri kurudyi nekuruboshwe nacelles. In zvachose kune zvitatu hydraulic gadziriro. Mumwe nomumwe wavo haana chete zvachose zvionera, asi kudzokororwa yoga. Muchidimbu, guru neherikoputa munyika Mi-12, aivawo chakavimbika kupfuura.

The chassis of muchina kubva pakutanga yokunyora nokudhirowa kuitwa tricycle. Pasi mapurazi kurudyi, ukuwo, akanga yavo anomira. Pasi nzvimbo yemutekenyi yakanga zvinokosha. Kokutanga mudzimai ndege akashandisa kuvhunduka absorbers "chemasanganiswa" type: muna Hydraulics uye Pneumatics. Uyezve, kwaiva upiyona muswe zvitsigiso, izvo zvaisanganisira panguva vachizvitakudza inorema michina. The neherikoputa itsva vangasimudzira itsva kufamba nehurongwa zvakatangwa kuti akwanise vakarangana iri kupfuura rwakashata mamiriro ekunze. Uyezve, paiva autopilot uye hurongwa rwoga vanogadzirisa kumhanya vachishandisa kutenderera screws. Saka kuti herikoputa V-12, kuvakwa zvatakandorwira zvinorondedzerwa, zvinogona zvakachengeteka kuverengerwa pakati zvemberi rwokugadzira Swatches.

Vols First uye pakutanga bvunzo

Pakapera June 1967 kekutanga muchina akamuka mumhepo. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pakutanga kutiza, kwakaonekwa kuti pane mumwe, rinokosha tsika vibration apo vibration chakasvitswa zvakananga hurumende. Rakanga kwakabatana nokukundikana kwevanhu vagadziri, uyo kubudikidza zvakananga kinetic kubatana pamwe kuzvidzora uye motokari Zvifambiso. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, chete chete kutora kubvisa hofori akamanikidzwa kuita chimbichimbi kumhara. zvikanganiso zvose zvakakurumidza anoongororwa kugadziriswa nokuwedzera zvinonyatsorehwa kuomarara yechivako chacho. Nokudaro, B-12 neherikoputa, waiva zvakanakira Tichitarisa kutakura, yave rehabilitated chose.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti akura ina-muchinjikwa redunhu akaruramiswa zvakakwana pacharo mukufamba anoongororwazve. neherikoputa Total nendege 122 nguva. Chimwe 77 nguva refu akasungirirwa mudenga. System Kuvimbika uye yakakwirira unhu mutyairi, iro rakatanga yakaitwa chikamu mune Masvomhu, vakanga zvakazara nekusimbiswa. The vezvikepe vakanga wakafadzwa pamwe kudekara kuzvidzora muchina hombe. Asi muchiuto akashamisika yakaderera voracity Motors.

Pane uchapupu hwokuti kutiza nemiedzo yaiitwa musi injini maviri kuti muchina uyewo zvinobudirira akapfuura. Asi chikuru kukunda nokuda vagadziri ndechokuti kana uremu kukura pedyo Mi-6 neherikoputa aiva akatakura kukwanisa yakawedzera 7,2 nguva! Nokudaro, herikoputa V-12 (mugadziri - tri) aiva zvose mikana ine "basa" vakabudirira muSoviet Air Force. Muna 1970, akabhururuka kubva Moscow kuna Ahtubinsk uye shure, uye ipapo hurumende nemiedzo vakanga akaonekwa kubudirira. Panopera, pakaitwa basa yakarumbidza pakuparurwa munhevedzano neherikoputa. Saka nei denga yeRussia ano hapana B-12? Helicopter, zvinosuwisa, akava hazvina kutorwa nehama dzazvo.

End nyaya

The ongororo kwacho kwakaratidza zvimwe magadzirirwo zvaunokanganisa, ndokusaka operative kukura kwayo rwanonoka zvikuru. Mukuwedzera, wechipiri neherikoputa Somuenzaniso kubva 1972 kusvika 1973 akamira hanga, sezvo bhizimisi kunonoka kugadzirwa injini. Iye akasiyana mukoma wake zvikuru chandagwinyira marongerwo nokusimbisa chidhiraivho. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti zvikonzero muna 1974, purogiramu nokuda kwezvisikwa uye Kupedzwa nemamwe neherikoputa akanga pakuparara zvachose.

Pasinei kwayo yakasiyana features, kuti herikoputa V-12 haana kupinda Serial kugadzirwa uye kushanda. Chokutanga, pakutanga raakasikira chokufambisa inorema ballistic zvombo, izvozvo hachisisina "chipfuro niche." inorema kuzvidzora propelled hurongwa yakagadzirwa. Chechipiri, pfungwa-inobva chombo pachayo nokuda unopinza kuwedzera simba ravo iri hwachinja zvikuru. Handina kuti dhonza pedyo kundima zvingakanganisa muvengi.

Chechitatu, vamwe MDBs, yakatanga pachiimbwa B-12 uye zvakananga "pasi pake", havana kubudirira, uye vatora zvakajeka kupinda basa havana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, apo zvakanga isingadhuri kutumira mauto nhumbi pasi. Chechina, fekitari muna Saratov, chete iyo inogona nekukurumidza kuti dhipuroya tooling kuti pagadzirwe helicopters kubvira 1972 "mumusoro" akanga uploaded nedzimwe zvibvumirano hurumende. Production vanokwanisa hapana sarudzo.

mugumisiro

Nokudaro, B-12 - munhu neherikoputa, zvikuru mberi nguva yake, asi aiva "panzvimbo isiri iyo." Kana akadaro muchina akasikwa mukutanga 60s, ipapo Ungangove, basa dzaizondisema akawana wake. In 1970, zvaunokoshesa akachinja, uye rakasiyana magadzirirwo akanga hazvina kutorwa nehama dzazvo. Asi neherikoputa V-12, nhoroondo zvatakandorwira zvinorondedzerwa, aviators vakapa chaizvo chiitiko.