Ben Bernanke uye maonero ake pamusoro upfumi

Ben Shalom Bernanke akatora pamusoro sezvo sachigaro Board of navabati Federal Reserve System 01.02.06, vachiitsiva Alana Grinspena. Congress akasarudza kudaro nokuti Bernanke aiziva sei mutemo dzibvise chave Depression, uye vakatenda mitengo kukanganiswa.

dambudziko maneja

Kuti adzivise mwoyo pose mukutanga nzendo rwezvemabhengi dambudziko, yava akasika dzakawanda itsva zvishandiso zviri Fed.

Bernanke akatungamirira US Federal Reserve, pazvakava mutsva rokuita Somuenzaniso, akaponesa Bear Stearns uye inishuwarenzi hofori pamusoro AIG, achivapa $ 150 billion rubatsiro. Kumisa nokutya pose, kuti Fed wamakapa zvemari muzvikoro $ 540 billion.

Ben Bernanke (mufananidzo wakatorwa gare gare munyaya) chiri kusundwa rokuwedzera akavhiyiwa pamisika rakavhurika, kana pachako kuderedza mubereko prices havana kukwana kugumisa kuti dambudziko ra2008. Akaramba mutemo panguva kuderedza-refu mubereko rates kuwedzera pfupi.

Ben Bernanke ndokuburuka sezvo musoro Fed kuti January 31, 2014 akanga yakatsiviwa aimbova mutevedzeri musoro Federal Reserve Dzhenet Yellen, uyo tsitsi kune mitemo yake.

Zvinokosha kuti US upfumi

Sachigaro Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke akanga mhosva kurapa US usapinde negwaro. Kukosha basa Federal Reserve yakawedzera zvinooneka pamusoro gumi apfuura, sezvo guru National chikwereti omesa fiscal mitemo zvakanaka. Sezvo mumiririri Federal Reserve Bernanke aiva mukuru upfumi nyanzvi munyika, uye mashoko ake kwakabatsira pamusika wemari uye dhora. Panguva yaaiva sachigaro Federal Reserve System aiva munhu anokosha muUnited States uye Naizvozvo upfumi munyika.

Vachiita sachigaro Federal Reserve

Pasinei nokuti tsananguro uye Implementation usapinde mutemo kwave Federal Committee iri pakachena pamusika kushandiswa, sachigaro Fed dzinozivikanwa anotungamirira. Sezvo vakagadzwa kwemakore mana, zvinoita zvinotarisirwa kuti kuzviraramira kupfuura akasarudzwa mukuru ndiani basa vanovavhotera. Izvi zvinoita Fed kushanda kwenguva, pane akasiya pfupi enyika zvisingatauriki. Tools ari Fed, dzakadai yeUnited mari zvazvingava, kuita zvishoma nezvishoma, mwedzi mitanhatu. The US upfumi kwakafanana ngarava huru inoda mberi negwara. Monetary mutemo "chichiita-enda" kunotungamirira chokwadi, waiva mumwe kukonzera kuti stagflation pakati kwema1970.

Crisis ra2008 guta

Kana Bernanke ari chaizvo creatively akashandisa zvamuinazvo kwaari. Previous chairmen chete akashandisa yeUnited mari mwero - pakurera kuti kurega mitengo kana kutura kudzivisa kudzikira. Munguva kubva September 2007 kusvika December 2008 Bernanke zvakasimba kwakaderedza nhamba 10 nguva kubva 5.25% kusvika 0%.

Asi zvakanga zvisina kukwana kuti umutse liquidity kuti mabhanga, Akatya mushure default pamusoro subprime mortgages. zvikwereti izvi zvave kurongwazve uye kutengeswa sezvo chikwereti wakakombama kuchengetedzeka zvokuti kuoma kuti hapana here yaisanzwisisa vaiva zvikwereti zvakaipa.

Somugumisiro, mabhengi vakarega anomukweretesa kuti pfupi, iro unowanzoshandiswa senzira kunosangana kuchengeterwa zvinodiwa Fed wacho. In Bernanke apindura zvavo vasununguke, vaburusira kufarira rates, uye pakupedzisira, iye akapa chikwereti kuburikidza dhisikaundi hwindo.

Kana kuti haina kukwana, muna December 2007, iye akasika TAF Fund panopinda Fed wamakapa mabhanga mabhiriyoni emadhora, kutora rubatso pazvikwereti zvakaipa. TAF aifanira kuva kwenguva pfupi kwazvo kusvikira mari zvikoro usazvinyora zvikwereti dzakaipa, uye zvakare vanotanga vanokweretesawo mumwe. Kana izvi hazvina kuitika, kuti TAF akanga achikura, richisvika yepamusoro $ 1 matiririyoni muna June 2008.

The ruponeso enyika mari ino

Bernanke akanga achishanda pamwe nechepakati mabhanga munyika kudzorera liquidity, kana misika chikwereti ndakadaro. Akawanza overnights uye kwenguva pfupi chikwereti swap Rwonzi akagadzirirwa kuramba ndiri US mari kana vanotengesa nedzimwe nyika kusvika mabhiriyoni 180 emadhora. Izvi zvakanga zvakakodzera nokuti mabhanga vakatanga kutya stocking mari. Vakatya vanokweretesawo mumwe nekuti havana kuda kugara Rinobva subprime mortgages.

Muna April 2008, ivo Federal Reserve Sachigaro Ben Bernanke wakaitwa ayo chegungano okupedzisira 30 makore okutanga unoshamisa hunovimbisa Bear Stearns zvikwereti zvokuti JP Morgan aigona kutenga navo. Zvinokwanisika kudzivisa munhu default iri uwandu 10 matiririyoni emadhora, iyo iri vaiva ne Bear Stearns, uye pamahombekombe vakakwanisa kwemwedzi inoverengeka kuti gomera rusununguko. Muna II ba. Muna 2008 upfumi akakura, uye vazhinji vakafunga kuti njodzi yakanga kudziviswa.

Asi muna September 2008, boka guru munyika inishuwarenzi AIG rakazivisa zvichibvira kusauka. AIG Worldwide insured zvikwereti chikwereti kubva dzakazadza emadhora. Kana boka akatadza, zvingadai kukuvara nerimwe bhengi, ruzhowa Fund uye mudyandigere Fund sezvo chinokosha aiva chikwereti wakakombama kuchengetedzeka. Bernanke akati AIG rutsigiro pamvura naye kupfuura zvimwe munguva kudzikira. AIG akatora nengozi dzisiri yaidzorwa zvigadzirwa, akadai zvikwereti default swaps, vachishandisa mari inishuwarenzi kwevanhu.

tsoropodzo

vanoita zvemitemo zhinji uye nezvoupfumi vakatsoropodza ari "Helicopter Ben," nokuti jekiseni kupinda upfumi dzakazadza zhinji emadhora, iyo Tingangonyanya kukonzera mitengo uye kuwedzera chikwereti. Vamwe mhosva nayo pakuti iye chete haana kufanoona kuderera. Ari mhosva yokuvanda mashoko pamusoro nemabhangi kuti vakagamuchira kusvika $ 2 tiririyoni zvikwereti TAF. Rep Ron Pol nevamwe kundodana Fed odhita kuratidza єtih finansovіh mazita nemasangano. Ben Bernanke, ivo wongororo izvo vanodzika mitemo vakawanda havana kumeso chaizvo, vaigona kuwana apiwa kugadzwa muna January 2010. Asi Obama wakazviita nyore.

Life pashure mudyandigere

Nguva pfupi pashure yokurega rakasvika bhuku ndangariro pamusoro dambudziko uye nemigumisiro yayo, munyori chakanga Ben Bernanke. "Ushingi Kuita" anotsanangura nguva gavhuna ari musoro Fed, uye rinewo kupupura kuti ndiye hausisiri Republican nekuti akanga aneta "kubatwa dzinotambirwa bato iri kuti kusaziva yokunyanyisa kodzero." Maererano naye, nhasi zviri usinganyanyi uye akazvimirira kufunga kuramba saka mune ramangwana.

Uyezve, ndiye wemabhuku anoverengeka ari upfumi, kusanganisira:

• "Non-dzibvise zvakazokonzerwa zvemari dambudziko iri Mashoko Depression Great"
• "Macroeconomics of Depression Great"
• "Chadenga chakawedzera kukura kukanganiswa: Lessons pamusoro International Experience"
• Bhuku "Macroeconomics" (Ben Bernanke, Endryu Abel).

In February 2014 akatanga honorary izere nhengo Brookings Institution. Rinokurudzira Hutchins Center iri inoudza voruzhinji pamusoro mutero uye monitarnoy nemaitiro uye kunoita kushanda kwayo.

Ben Bernanke: Biography

Bernanke akaberekwa musi 13/12/53 muna Augusta (GA), uye akakurira Dillon (South Carolina). baba Ben akanga mishonga, uye mai vake - mudzidzisi.

Ndava nemakore 12, iye akakunda hurumende chiperengo makwikwi zivo. Akadzidzisa pachake differential uye chinokosha calculus, sezvo nyaya iyi yaiva kure chikoro chake. Ben vakaridza altsaksofone.

Akapedza kudzidza kubva rorusununguko Economics paHarvard University (1975) uye akagamuchira Ph.D. yake with (1979).

Ben Bernanke wake Anna akanga akaroorwa May 29, 1978 Vakanga vana vaviri.

Akatanga kudzidzisa zvoupfumi pana Stanford University, kwaaishanda muna 1979-1985, ukuwo. Full muzvinafundo, akava muna 1985, apo akatamira Princeton University, uye aishanda ari kushanyira purofesa New York University uye with. Iye akabudisa nevakawanda pamusoro zvakawanda ezvoupfumi nyaya, mune Vol. H. On misoro yose macroeconomics, mari mutemo, the Great Depression uye bhizimisi yatinofema.

Iye akapiwa Guggenheim Fellowship uye Sloan Foundation, uye muna 2001 akava mupepeti we "American Economic Review". Gore rakatevera iye akagadzwa nhengo Fed wacho Board of Magavhuna, uye pakuzivikanwa nokuda kwazvo kutsvakurudza ake uye unyanzvi kana maonero akasiyana pakati pevatungamiriri. Bernanke political pesvedzero akava pachena mukutanga 2005 apo akagadzwa sachigaro Board President pamusoro zveupfumi nyaya.

Muna 2009, "Nguva" magazini akamutumidza Man of Year.

mafungiro

Ben Bernanke akanga asingasviki takasununguka pane Greenspan, uyo aigara achitaura nyaya dzisina chokuita mari mutemo, kusanganisira nezvekufarirwa bhajeti dhefisiti uye mutero maronda. Aivawo chinoshingaira mutsigiri zvikuru segirazi ari Federal Reserve System, izvo zvakajeka chinosiyanisa kubva "fedyaza" Greenspan, uyo aigara misika kwete overreacted mhinduro yake.

Mashoko, izvo zvinoita kuti pfungwa pamusoro pachake uzivi, waitsigira ne Ben Bernanke - mabhuku uye Economist mhinduro.

mitengo kukanganiswa

Ben Bernanke, kuti Fed mararamiro panguva Greenspan akatanga kuumba chaiwo kusanganiswa atambudzwe mitengo. Nepo mabhanga European zhinji, kusanganisira mashoko Bank of England uye neEuropean Central Bank, kuisa chaizvo huru, United States haana, uye Greenspan akanga asiri mutsigiri wakadaro nzira.

Mumazuva Bernanke okutanga izvi zvinokosha kwouzivi uye manyorero kusiyana pamwe Greenspan akamutsa pamusika. Mukana kutamira mutemo kukanganiswa Ndainetseka vamwe vaongorori, sezvo Greenspan haasati vakaedza kuchengeta hwakasimba bheji. kusagadzikana Izvi zvinopedzwa kana Bernanke akamira vataura chaizvo nenhamba.

Kubvira ipapo iye akaramba mutemo mukuru kubudirana pachena pamusoro Fed, kunyanya kana pakupera 2007 zvakawedzera kakawanda Zvaifungidzirwa. The Federal Reserve akatanga kubudisa Quarterly Zvaifungidzirwa zvoupfumi kukura uye mitengo, zvichienzaniswa yapfuura Semi-pagore. Vakatangawo kufukidza yemakore matatu, zvichienzaniswa makore maviri adarika.

deflation

Kudzidza Benom Bernanke Kuderera Kukuru vakaroverera maari hwose kufarira migumisiro deflation wayo vanotadzisa hwevanhu. Naiyewo awana simba mukupandukira deflation uye simba kusimbisa yokudzivirira wayo.

manzwiro ake pamusoro ichi yakagadzira apo muna November 2002 akapa nhaurwa vanoda "Deflation:. sei kuti rive nechokwadi chekuenderera kusavapo" Akataura pfungwa Economist Milton Friedman pamusoro vachidonhedzera mari mukati upfumi kuti herikoputa. Kuwedzera liquidity mumusika nokuwedzera Kuwanikwa mari anokwereta uchingodzikira mubereko for nokukwereta kukura kunobatsira kukurudzira upfumi omisa deflationary kumanikidzwa. Zvisinei, mashoko akapoteredza musangano, kwaiva kuratidza dzinotevedzana Fed Ezvemutauro kuti ine panguva yayo dziripo, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu ose razero zvazvingava.

kusakosha kwemari

Nepo kurwisa deflationary kumanikidza nokuwedzera nerubatsiro mari kunogona kunyatsooneka inflationary mugumisiro, hazvirevi kuti Bernanke kurerutswa mitengo. Aitsigira naye kukanganiswa kuti achengetedze pfupi yakaderera uye akatsiga mumatunhu kusimudzira kutsigira zvoupfumi kukura.

Ben Bernanke (rakapotsa kadhi): wongororo

Zita Economist akakurumbira uyo akauya yose nemari maitiro kubva dambudziko, haana kukundikana kushandisa fraudsters. "Total" nokuda 444 rubles, vakavimbisei kubhadhara 2-59 zviuru. Rubles. The Mirairo achiperekedzwa vhidhiyo, iyo inotaura Ben Bernanke. Virtual mepu, wongororo izvo zvinogona kuwanika paIndaneti - kwegadziriro withdrawals enhema kubva vagari nyengedzeka. Uye hapana zvakawanda.

Ben Bernanke - Economist - ainyatsoziva migumisiro Great Depression, mumwe zvikuru US njodzi zvemari, uye manyorerwo yake yakaumbwa makore basa iri Federal Reserve System. Kugadzwa ake mberi kosi wakasiyiwa nowakautangira ake, uye yakagamuchirwa zvakanaka nokuda misika yemari, sezvo chamazuva ose sachigaro Fed ndiwo musimboti isimbe yavo.