Mina gungwa (mufananidzo)

gungwa Mina hazvidi ine putika mudziyo wakaiswa mumvura kuti kukuvadza kana kuparadzwa hulls ngarava, Ngarava dzepasi pemvura, ferries, zvikepe hove uye vamwe watercraft. udzamu mhosva Kusiyana nemigodhi vari "hope" mamiriro kusvikira kuonana ngarava broadside. migodhi Naval anogona kushandiswa kushanda zvakananga kuvadza muvengi uye kuchidzivisa sangano kwayo zvine urongwa mirayiridzo. In mutemo dzakawanda, kuitisa hondo yangu nemitemo isingachinji 8th 1907 Hague Convention.

kupatsanura

zvimbambaira Sea dzinoiswa maererano zvinotevera nzira:

• Mhando muripo - dzose, inokosha (zvenyukireya).
• Mwero selectivity - zvatinosiita (upi chinangwa), sarudzo (vanoziva zvechadenga mudziyo).
• Manageability - inopepereswa (kubudikidza waya, acoustic, redhiyo), unguided.
• Multiplicities - vakawanda (zvakafanorongwa nhamba chinangwa), asiri vakawanda.
• Type fiyuzi - asiri kuonana (inductive, hydrodynamic, acoustic, rinobva), kuonana (kanyanga, yemagetsi &) vasanganiswa.
• Type naro - homing (Avangard), Pop, kushambira, pasi, chikepe.

Gurukota kazhinji vakagumisa kana denderedzwa chimiro (kunze M-torpedoes) Sizes kubva hafu mita kusvika 6 meters (kana kupfuura) mu dhayamita. Anchor dzinoratidzwa nokuchengeta anosvika 350 makirogiramu, pazasi - kusvika imwe tani.

nhoroondo mashoko

Kokutanga migodhi gungwa zvave kushandiswa Chinese muzana remakore rechi14. Kugadzira wakanga nyore: mvura tarred Upfu gunpowder, izvo zvakaita kuti chibani kuti rinotsigirwa pamusoro pechiso ichiyangarara. Inodiwa kushandiswa panguva yakakodzera kuti moto tambo. Kushandiswa zvivako akadaro anowanika kare muna akadhindwa kwezana remakore rechi16 zviri chete China, asi somunhu blaster rakashandiswa zvakawanda muzvigadzirwa flintlock mashandiro. Kuvandudzwa mumigodhi inoshandiswa kurwisa Japanese Pirates.

MuEurope, yokutanga wengarava rangu yakazokudziridzwa muna 1574 na wokuEngland Ralph Rabbardsom. Kwapera zana remakore, asi Dutchman Cornelis Drebbel, uyo akashanda ari Ordnance Department muEngland, aida kugadzira sashanda "zvinoyangarara tika."

American budiriro

A anotyisa zvechokwadi mamiriro akanga akagadzirirwa muUnited States munguva Hondo Independence naDavid Bushnell (1777). Zvakanga zvakafanana upfu keg, asi vakagadzirira aine mashandiro kuti putitsa ari kudhumhana pamwe muchikepe Hull.

In pakati Civil War (1861) muUnited States kubudikidza Alfred Vaud tega kaviri hulled zvinoyangarara gungwa yangu. Doma kusarudza akakodzera wake - "infernal muchina". The putika fuma muNzvimbo resimbi humburumbira, raiva pasi mvura, iyo yakaramba akayangarara pamusoro pemvura remuti mudende, panguva iyoyo aiva ichiyangarara uye detonator.

zvemumba kuitika

Kokutanga wemagetsi fiyuzi kuti "infernal muchina" afunga yokuRussia injiniya Paul Schilling muna 1812. Munguva kundikana yakakombwa Kronstadt, ari Anglo-French rengarava (1854) muna Crimean War mukuru-nekusimba wengarava zvangu magadzirirwo Jacobi uye Nobel. Gumi zana pachena "michina infernal" haana chete wakarovererwa pasi kufamba muvengi rengarava, asi havana matatu makuru steamship British vakanga zvakaparadzwa.

Mina Jacobi-Nobel nhaka yokusafa buoyancy (kuburikidza mhepo makamuri) uye haana zvinodiwa mune floats. Izvi zvaiita kuti kuisa muchivande mumvura, chakarembera namaketani, kana kuti kurega kuerera.

Gare gare, achishingaira kushandiswa spheroconical zvinoyangarara rwangu, iri rakaitirwa aida kudzika duku unobtrusive Buoy kana Mbambo. Wakatanga kushandiswa muhondo yeRussia-Turkish (1877-1878 gg.) Uye akamira rengarava vakabata mamwe kuvandudzika kusvika kuma1960.

Mbambo zvangu

Zvinonzi rakaitirwa zvaida udzamu chinotsigisa magumo - tambo. Pritaplivanie rokutanga mimwe kunopa Chinyorwa kugadziridza ane waya urefu, izvo zvaida nguva yakawanda. Refutenendi Azarov aronga zvakagadzirwa unokubvumira vapiwa yokugadza nemigodhi gungwa.

The mudziyo akanga vakapakata kwegadziriro mutobvu mutoro uye yakaturikwa pamusoro nhumbi zvimiso. The chinobata mutsetse iri muchikuvadza angonanga dhiramu. Pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu mutoro uye chikepe Drum wobudiswa mabhureki, uye kuguma unwound kubva dhiramu. Kana mutoro kunosvika pasi, simba kudhonza kuguma ipfupi uye Drum chimiso, mauri "infernal muchina" yakanyura kudzika chaienzanirana chinhambwe kubva mutoro kune Mbambo.

Pakutanga XX remakore

migodhi Massively gungwa yave kushandiswa muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Panguva Boxer Vakamukira mu China (1899-1901 gg.) Uto Imperial mined rwizi Hayfe, kufukidza nzira kuna Beijing. Wokutanga hondo yangu zvinopindura Russian-Japanese kunetsana muna 1905, apo vaviri vari kushingaira kushandisa dzokuchengeta nezvinobvamo Miganhu uye Zvinhu zviri minefields vachishandisa trawlers.

Izvi kwave kudzokororwa Munyika Vokutanga. migodhi wengarava German chaitadzisa kumhara pamusoro British mauto uye zvaikanganisa zvakaitwa Russian rengarava. Ngarava dzepasi pemvura mined dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana, bays uye yakaoma. The dzairwisa havana kuramba vari chikwereti, vangasvika akagura Germany kubvira kuGungwa North outputs (ichi akatora 70 000 Nha). Uwandu rinoshandiswa "infernal muchina" nenyanzvi vanofungidzirwa pa 235,000 dzakabatana.

Sea migodhi zviri Second World War

Munguva yehondo wengarava dzemitambo rehondo zvimbambaira miriyoni imwe kumativi nokudzikinurwa, kusanganisira mvura Soviet Union - vanopfuura 160 000. Germany dzakatangwa zviridzwa rufu mumakungwa, munyanza, nzizi, chando muGungwa Kara ezasi kunosvika of Ob River. Kuenda, muvengi mined pachiteshi berths, kupamba, chiteshi. Zvikurukuru noutsinye akanga hondo yangu muGungwa reBaltic, apo vanhu vokuGermany chete muGulf of Finland akanunurwa vanopfuura 70 000 zvidimbu.

Somugumisiro kuputika yangu rikanyura vanenge 8.000 ngarava uye nemidziyo. Mukuwedzera, zviuru ngarava dzakanga dzaparadzwa zvakakomba. In Mvura European vanotova yepashure pehondo mumigodhi gungwa vakanga Varidza kumusoro zvikepe 558, 290 acho yakanyura. Pazuva hondo kuBaltic ichiridzwa muparadzi "kutsamwa" uye ngarawa "Bamba Gorky" wokutanga.

migodhi German

mainjiniya German pakutanga hondo mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany Dzakashamiswa mutsva mukuru-kunyatsoshanda mhando zvimbambaira vane simba rinonzi magnetic fiyuzi. gungwa Mina akaridza haana kubva kubatana. The chikepe kwakanga zvakakwana kushambira pedyo zvokuti chinouraya mutariri. Its kugwinha chinozunguzirwa yakakwana manyongori bhodhi. Dzaparadzwa ngarava vaifanira kukanganisa basa uye akadzokera kuti kugadziriswa.

Disproportionately zvakakanganisa Chirungu rengarava. Churchill pachake akaisa soro yokutanga ndiyo kuva akafanana chimiro, uye kuwana vanobudirira nzira zvimbambaira, asi nyanzvi yokuBritain vakatadza yokuburitsa zvakavanzika ruzivo. Zvino netsaona. Imwe dzaiuya maminitsi ndege German rakabayirwa mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mumatope. Zvakaitika kuti bhomba mashandiro zvakanga zvakaoma uye kwakavakirwa remagineti Pasi. Research yakabatsira kusika vanobudirira minesweepers.

migodhi Soviet

migodhi wengarava Soviet havana kudaro yemazuva ano akura, asi haana zvishoma kunobudirira. Ainyanya kushandiswa wokuenzanisira CB "Crab" uye AG. "Crab" raiva Mbambo wangu. CB-1 mumaoko wokurera muna 1931, muna 1940 - upgraded KB-3. Rakagadzirirwa vakawanda minefields, zvose panguva kurasa zvikepe kuti mavambo hondo paiva vanenge 8.000 dzakabatana. Aine kureba 2 metres uye kurema pamusoro 230 matani chikwata akabata makirogiramu zvinoputika.

Mina kanyanga zvakadzama (AG) rakashandiswa nokuda mafashamo Ngarava dzepasi pemvura uye zvikepe, uyewo wekushandisa kuoma muvengi rengarava. Kutaura chokwadi yaiva nadzurudzo ari CB kusvika kanyanga namano. Kana kurwa ronyura yomugungwa pakati antennas maviri mhangura rakaparadza yemagetsi zvinogona. Kana iwe abata kanyanga casing pamusoro yepasi pemvura kana anotakura dzingangoitika nepakati iri kwakakanganiswa, kukonzera kuvhara zviri zvemagetsi redunhu fiyuzi. Mumwe wangu "dzinodzorwa" 60 metres nzvimbo. General zvatariswa dzinoenderana CB womuenzaniso. Papera mhangura kanyanga (yaingoda makirogiramu 30 anokosha simbi) chikatsiviwa simbi, chigadzirwa rokuti AGSB yapihwa. vanhu vashomanana vanoziva zita wokuenzanisira gungwa yangu AGSB: kanyanga zvakadzama simbi antennas uye zvokushandisa, vakaungana mune imwe chete chimwe.

Mine Clearance

Pashure pemakore 70 wengarava zvimbambaira Yenyika Yechipiri vachiri vangangokukuvadza runyararo Company. nhamba Large vavo vachiri kumwe dzakadzika Sea reBaltic. Kusvikira 1945, 7 chete% ezvimbambaira vakanga defused, uye vamwe vakatora gumi ngozi basa demining.

The chikuru Chirevo hondo pamwe yangu akarara pamusoro mudonzvo zvikepe, minesweepers mumakore akazotevera pashure pehondo. Chete muSoviet Union zvakanzi zvinobatanidzwa munenge 2,000 trawlers uye anosvika 100 000 vanhu yevashandi. Padanho ngozi yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru nokuda nguva kushora zvinhu:

• isingazivikanwi miganhu minefields;
• siyana kugadzwa dzakadzika Maminitsi;
• kutaipa Maminitsi (chikepe, kanyanga, pamwe misungo, pasi noncontact pamwe namano yokukurumidzira multiplicity);
• zvinogoneka banzurwa unexploded zvimbambaira.

trawling michina

Trawling nzira yakanga kure akakwana uye ngozi. Pangozi anotakurwa chimuka zvimbambaira, zvikepe kuburikidza zvimbambaira uye kudhonzwa pamusoro trawl. Nokudaro anoramba kunetseka ezvinhu vanhu kubva vakamirira kuputika chinouraya.

Trawl undercut uye dzakatanga vangu (kana haisi raputika pasi chikepe kana ari trawl) anofanira kuparadzwa. In ine gungwa achabatanidza ari anonetsa anorichengeta. Zvinoita zvimbambaira ayo kwakachengeteka kuurayiwa wengarava kwepfuti, sezvo pane kazhinji goko rwakabaya goko yangu isingatsiki fiyuzi. Unexploded muchiuto yangu akarara pasi, kumirira itsva, haichawaniki amenable kuti kubviswa nezvengozi.

mhedziso

Naval zvangu, pikicha kuti inotyisa mumwe chete maonero ichiri inotyisa, zvinouraya, pamwe chisingakoshi zvombo. Mano vava kupfuura "akangwara" uye ane simba zvikuru. Pane zviitiko pamwe mutariri yakasimbiswa zvenyukireya. Kuwedzera kune marudzi aya, ipapo vari towed, Shestov, propelling, kuzvicheka-propelled nevamwe "michina infernal."