Lenses: mhando lenses (wefizikisi). Marudzi kunhonga, Manyiminya muchiaparadzira izvo. How kuona mhando izvo?

The lenses vanowanzotevedzera kuva idenderedzwa kana anenge idenderedzwa penyika. Vangave convex, concave kana sandara (nharaunda pamusoro kusaverengeka). Ane hukawanika maviri kunove chiedza dzapera. Vanogona kubatanidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana vaite marudzi akasiyana lenses (mufananidzo wakapiwa gare gare munyaya ino):

• Kana vaviri hukawanika vari convex nechepakati mugove (kunze curved) mukobvu kupfuura kumicheto.
• Gogorosi pamwe convex uye concave mabhora anonzi meniscus.
• Gogorosi ine sandara pamusoro chinonzi paneeli-concave kana paneeli-convex, zvichienderana hunhu rimwe bhora.

How kuona mhando izvo? Ngationgororei izvi zvizere.

Kuunganidza lenses: marudzi lenses

Zvisinei coupling hukawanika kana ukobvu kwavo nechepakati mugove mukuru kupfuura micheto, vanotaurwa nezvavo nekunhonga. Tirambe zvatichiri kureba. Zvinotevera mhando converging lenses:

• paneeli-convex,
• biconvex,
• mumwe concavo-convex (meniscus).

Vari kunzi "akanaka".

Kupararira lenses: marudzi lenses

Kana ukobvu yavo wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose ari pakati kupfuura panguva micheto, dzinonzi vaparadzirwa. Vasingadi zvatichiri kureba. Kune mamwe marudzi sokuparadzira lenses:

• paneeli-concave,
• biconcave,
• concave-convex (meniscus).

Vari kunzi "kunaka."

zvinhu pfungwa

The mwaranzi diverge kubva pfungwa kunobva imwe pfungwa. Dzinonzi danda. Kana danda anopinda izvo, danda rimwe ari refracted nokuchinja mirayiridzo yaro. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, danda unogona anongoerekana kuti izvo mune zvakawanda kana zvishoma yakashatiswa mumufambiro.

Dzimwe mhando Manyiminya lenses kushandura peDare mwaranzi kuti wekuita pane nzvimbo imwe chete. Kana chiedza bhuku unongoda kanenge ari musimboti wokuzadzika nechokure, danda converges pane imwe nguva iyo, panenge panguva kure.

Real uye Virtual mifananidzo

A pfungwa kunobva chiedza inonzi kushanda chinhu, uye pfungwa convergence ari danda yemwaranzi achibva izvo, ndiko mufananidzo wakakodzera.

Kukosha ane inofa pfungwa manyuko akagoverwa pamusoro kazhinji sandarara penyika. Muenzaniso uri mufananidzo pasi girazi, yokubatidza kubva shure. Mumwe muenzaniso filmstrip iri yakavhenekerwa kubva shure kuitira kuti chiedza kubva vakayambuka izvo, Anowanza mufananidzo uri sandara sikirini.

Muzviitiko izvi, kutaura pamusoro ndege. Point iri mufananidzo mundege 1: 1 inoenderana pfungwa pamusoro chinhu nendege. Izvi zvinoshandawo kune geometrical nenhamba, kunyange zvazvo zvichiita mufananidzo inogona inverted panyaya chinhu kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi kana kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi.

Toe-mwaranzi pane imwe nguva pave mufananidzo chaiwo, uye musiyano - zvekufungidzira. Kana zvakajeka hwakapiwa pamusoro chidzitiro - hazvina musoro. Kana mufananidzo iwoyo kunogona kuonekwa chete nokutarisa kuburikidza izvo kurutivi chiedza bhuku, kunonzi zvekufungidzira. Reflection mugirazi - zvekufungidzira. A mufananidzo kuti kunogona kuonekwawo kuburikidza teresikopu - uyewo. Asi fungidziro ari kamera izvo kuti firimu akapa mufananidzo chaiwo.

zvatichiri kureba

Focus lenses anogona kuwanikwa nepariri danda kubva inofambirana mwaranzi. The pana zvavakanga vaungana, uye ichanyanya F. Daro kubva rainyanya kukosha pakati izvo anonzi ayo zvatichiri kureba f. unogona tisangosiya dzakafanana mwaranzi kubva mhiri uye nokudaro kuwana F kumativi ose. Mumwe gogorosi ane maviri maviri F uye f. Kana achiri matete zvichienzaniswa ayo zvatichiri urefu, yokupedzisira vari ndezvomuzana vakaenzana.

Siyana uye Convergence

Dzinoratidzwa yakanaka zvatichiri kureba converging lenses. Marudzi ichi mhando lenses (paneeli-convex, biconcave, meniscus) kuderedza mwaranzi vachibuda kwavari, kupfuura ivo yaitwa ichi. Rokuunganidza lenses inogona kuumbwa somunhu chaiye uye chifananidzo zvekufungidzira. Chokutanga aumbwa chete kana chinhambo kubva izvo kuti chinhu chikuru pane ainyanya kukoshesa.

Dzinoratidzwa kunaka zvatichiri kureba diverging lenses. Marudzi ichi mhando lenses (paneeli-concave, biconcave, meniscus) rakasanganiswa mwaranzi kupfuura ivo vakarambana vasati kuwana kwavo pamusoro. Kupararira lenses kusika rakapotsa mufananidzo. Chete kana convergence yacho chiitiko nemwaranzi chinokosha (ivo wekuita kumwe pakati izvo uye rainyanya kukosha pakatarisana) vakaumba mwaranzi vanogona vachiri wekuita kuti vaumbe mufananidzo chaiwo.

misiyano inokosha

Zvinofanira kungwarira chaizvo kusiyanisa convergence kana kusiyana uku kunoita kuti matanda convergence kana siyana izvo. Mhando lenses uye Puchkov Vanya irege kuva zvakafanana. Mwaranzi chokuita chinhu kana mufananidzo pfungwa, dzinonzi yakashatiswa mumufambiro kana ivo "kutiza" uye convergent kana ivo "kuunganidza" pamwe chete. Chero coaxial Manyiminya gadziriro Manyiminya akabatana ndiyo nzira mwaranzi. Danda pamwe akabatana rinopfuura pasina kuchinja mirayiridzo nokuda refraction. Iwo chokwadi, mumwe tsanangudzo Manyiminya akabatana zvakanaka.

Beam riri kutama kubva kure kubva Manyiminya akabatana anonzi yakashatiswa mumufambiro. Uye uyo ari kuswedera kwairi, inonzi convergent. Mwaranzi akaererana Manyiminya akabatana, ndivo razero convergence kana siyana. Saka, kana kutaura convergence kana kusiyana uku kunoita kuti danda, izvozvo correlated pamwe Manyiminya akabatana.

Dzimwe mhando lenses, kuti wefizikisi izvo zvokuti danda riri vakatsauka yakakura zvikuru kune Manyiminya akabatana, aunganidzwa. Ivo wekuita mwaranzi wekuita zvakawanda uye yakashatiswa mumufambiro kutama zvishoma. Ivo vaigona, kana simba ravo dzakakuringanai chinangwa ichi, kuti svinga kufanana kana convergent. Saizvozvowo diverging gogorosi anogona kuiparadza zvakawanda diverging mwaranzi, uye converging - kuti kufanana kana yakashatiswa mumufambiro.

rinokudza magirazi

A gogorosi maviri convex hukawanika mukobvu ari pakati kupfuura panguva micheto, uye kunogona kushandiswa senzira nyore magnifier kana child. Panyaya iyi, aiona achitarisa kuburikidza naye zvekufungidzira, mufananidzo guru. The kamera gogorosi Zvisinei, zvinoumba pamusoro firimu kana Switch chaiyo kazhinji wakaderedzwa kukura zvichienzaniswa chinhu.

zvaiitwa

Nekugona izvo rokuchinja convergence chiedza inonzi simba raro. It runoratidzwa diopters D = 1 / f, apo add - zvatichiri yakareba mamita.

Munguva gogorosi nesimba 5 diopters add = 20 cm. Izvi zvinoratidza diopter optometrist kunyora Hupenyu magirazi. Somuenzaniso, iye akanyora 5.2 diopters. In mumusangano apedza workpiece kutora 5 diopters, zvichiguma fekitari, uye zvishoma nokugedagedesa rimwe pamusoro kuwedzera 0.2 diopters. The musimboti ndechokuti nekuda matete lenses, umo zviviri nzvimbo dziri pedyo nepedyo, ari kuchengetwa ushe kuti simba ravo zvachose pakuverengwa neimwe dioptre: D = D ₁ + D _2.

Galileo kuti teresikopu

In Galileo nguva (mavambo XVII remakore), anotaura muna Europe dzakanga dzakawanda iripo. Avanotarisira kuti kugadzirwa Netherlands rakabudiswa mumugwagwa vapemhi. Galileo anzwa kuti munhu kuNetherlands akaisa mhando mbiri lenses ari chubhu, kuti zvinhu kure sokuti akakura. Akashandisa telephoto izvo anounganidza mune rimwe rutivi chubhu, uye pfupi-rikaposherwa vaparadzirwa eyepiece pane mumwe mugumo. Kana ari gogorosi zvatichiri kureba akaenzana add _iwe uye eyepiece add _e, daro pakati pavo inofanira kuva add _O -f _e, uye simba (chisina kutsetseka magnification) f _O / F _e. zano akadaro anonzi Galileo nenyere.

Telescope ane kunowedzera 5 kana 6 nedanga, kufanana panguva mabhainokura ruoko-akabata. Izvi kwakakwanira dzakawanda dzinonakidza nyeredzi zvaanorumbidza. Unogona kuona nyore hwemwedzi craters, kwemwedzi ina Jupiter, pamarin'i Saturn, maitikiro ose Venus, nebulae, uye nyeredzi masumbu, uyewo faintest senyeredzi hweGwara Way.

Kepler teresikopu

Kepler akanzwa nezvazvo zvose (iye tsamba Galileo) uye akavaka rumwe teresikopu mhando maviri achiunganidza lenses. Mumwe umo hombe zvatichiri kureba, mumwe izvo, uye mumwe pazviri shoma - the eyepiece. Daro pakati pavo akaenzana add _iwe + add _e, uye chisina kutsetseka magnification iri add _O / F _e. Izvi Keplerian (kana muchadenga) teresikopu pave chifananidzo inverted, asi nekuda nyeredzi kana mwedzi hazvina basa. zano ichi akapa zvakawanda kunyange jekeso chomunda maonero pane muGarirea teresikopu, uye wakange yamunenge kushandisa sezvo anobvumira kuti maziso ako ari wakaiswa nechinzvimbo uye ona yose munda maonero pamuromo. The mudziyo unobvumidza kuti vabudirire yepamusoro kuwedzera pane Galileo chubhu pasina zvakakomba kudzikira.

Both materesikopu achitambura idenderedzwa aberration, zvichiguma chifananidzo zvachose pfungwa, uye chromatic aberration, iyo pave ruvara fringing. Kepler (Newton) aidavira kuti urema izvi hazvigoni kukurirwa. Havana kutarisira kuti pangava mhando achromatic lenses, ivo wefizikisi izvo richazombovapo chete XIX remakore.

achiratidza teresikopu

Gregory akataura kuti sezvo izvo teresikopu nezvionioni angashandiswa, sezvo vasina ruvara fringing. Newton akatora pfungwa iyi uye akasika munhu Newtonian teresikopu chimiro concave silvered girazi uye yakanaka eyepiece. Iye akapa mharidzo kusvikira Royal Society, uko nanhasi.

Single-gogorosi teresikopu anogona Chirongwa chifananidzo mumugwagwa chidzitiro kana firimu. For zvakakodzera kuwedzera kunoda yakanaka izvo huru zvatichiri kure, muti, 0.5 m, 1 M kana mamita akawanda. Urongwa hwakadaro rinowanzoshandiswa isinganzwisisiki mifananidzo. Vanhu kujairana optics ingaita gangaidzo mamiriro ezvinhu apo simba refu pfungwa izvo anopa zvikuru kunowedzera.

mabhora

Zvave kuti tsika dzekare vangave vaiva materesikopu, nekuti vakaita duku magirazi marozari. Dambudziko ndechokuti haizivikanwi zvavakanga akashandiswa, uye ndeaya, Chokwadi, vasingagoni kuumba hwaro teresikopu zvakanaka. Mabhora anogona kushandiswa kuwedzera diki midziyo, asi unhu panguva iyoyo kwaisambonyanya inogutsa.

The zvatichiri Kureba yakanaka girazi bhora ipfupi chaizvo uye anoumba chifananidzo chaiyo iri pedyo chaizvo kuti bhora. Uyezve, aberrations (geometric kusarurama) rinokosha. Dambudziko iri kure pakati hukawanika maviri.

Zvisinei, kana iwe kugadzira rakadzika Equatorial paburi kuti adzikatidza mwaranzi, izvo zvinokonzera mufananidzo kuremara, zvinoitika mediocre chaizvo rinokudza girazi rive rakanaka. Chisarudzo ichi aitwa Coddington, mumwe magnifier kwezita rake inogona kutengwa nhasi panguva diki magnifiers ruoko-wakaitwa kudzidza zvinhu chaizvo duku. Asi uchapupu kuti izvi zvakaitwa pamberi remakore rechi19, kwete.