Mycology - ndiye nesayenzi?

Life Panyika inomiririrwa vadzidzisi zvuru gumi zvose zvemarudzi nemhuka zviri substantially zvakasiyana zvichienderana dzinogarisana mamiriro uye yokutarisirwa. Asi pane vanhu saka kusiyana kwedu yekushandisa zvipenyu kuti hazvigoni kunzi kune miti kana mhuka. Izvi zvinoshamisa, akaita kwatiri vachibva kune imwe nyika zvinenge anonzi notumwe. Mycology - sayenzi kuti kudzidza navo. Mycologists kuunganidza uye kuronga mashoko pamusoro dzakasiyana siyana howa, iro iye ane vanopfuura zviuru 100. Zvinonzi chete anozivikanwa nemhando sainzi, pane maonero kuti chaizvoizvo zvakasiyana howa tsika zvakawanda zvikuru, uye zivo pari pamusoro pavo - chete donhwe mugungwa.

ubiquitous dzakadzidzvinyirira

Kana uchifunga kuti howa - dondo ichi kure vanogara, neapo pokumera muguta, ipapo muri zvakaipa. Mhepo iri nemadandemutande pamwe fungal spores, kunyanya muzhizha. Utachiona ava pose pose, ivo idzodzi isu kwose kwose, asi kuvapo kwavo hakusi nyore kuona. Mushure chakuvhe - pachayo mycelium, fruiting miviri uye kwete, sezvo isiri vanhu vazhinji vanotenda.

miviri Fruiting zvinodiwa kuparadzira howa tsika, saka saizi kwavo uye chimiro ari kusiyana zvikuru, zvichiratidza kunoshamisa Kukwanisa zvipenyu kujairana chero mamiriro.

kutanga matanho

Sei zvichiitika mycelium itsva? Zvose rinotanga nemaziso spores kuti vakaparadzirwa nemhepo kana mhuka. Ndivo refu zvokukwanisa kuva wakaderera ezvinhu kusvikira pane mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka kuti imere. Zvadaro, mumwe nharo anotanga kubudisa filaments, vakazochinja kuumba mycelium. Izvi kunoda substrate, kureva, munhu inotonhorera svikiro yakakodzera chaiyo mhando notumwe. Sezvo substrate kudya, ari mycelium inokura, kudzidza zvakawanda munharaunda, mutana mycelium zvishoma nezvishoma anofa. Vamwe zvinhu hungazadzika kanopfuura imwe kiromita kureba. Izvi zvinoita kuti howa chikuru chipenyu Panyika.

fruiting

Mycelium, pasinei simba zvingava, haagoni kukura nokusingaperi. Naizvozvo, pane dzimwe nguva, iye unobereka fruiting muviri pamwe spores kuti zvichaita vaunze notumwe itsva. Mycology kudzidza zvose okukura izvi zvinenge zvinoshamisa. Tinoonga sayenzi iyi, tinoziva zvakawanda pamusoro zvisikwa izvi incredible. Saka, mycologists kudzidza tichikwanisa kuona kana zvinhu zviri Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri, kuti mycelium anotanga zvibereko, zvibereko kunze kwomuviri.

Fruiting miviri notumwe zvakakomba zvisingapindirani zvose chimiro uye kukura. Uyezve, vanogona zvakasiyana-siyana kunyange pakati nhengo chete kwemarudzi zvichienderana richikura ezvinhu. Pakupedzisira, apo muviri chibereko zvakazara kuumbwa, howa chivharo anovhura, muchisunungura mamiriyoni nemaziso spores mumhepo, chimwe nechimwe aigona kuva mycelium itsva.

howa siyana

Mycology - iri sayenzi mudiki, asi mashoko unganidzwa nokuda nesimba adepts ayo nyore ikapenya. Zvakaratidza kuti zvinenge izvi zvinogona kupinza dzakasiyana-siyana substrates. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe mhando notumwe kukura kwazvo pamusoro zvitunha zvemhuka kana ravo tsvina. Vamwe vanosarudza miriwo chikafu, uye dzimwe mhando vari zvikara zvachose.

Ekupedzisira muivhu uye nezvavakatapa pamusoro nemaziso Makonye anonzi nematodes. Ivo kubereka chindori duku mycelium, iro pasine wakaiswa pamwe akuvara kana iye inowira rimwe marin'i izvi. Kunewo howa, vanosarudza zvokudya dziri nezvipembenene. Ivo chaizvoizvo uparadze anotambudzika Tupukanana vapenyu mukati, kuti ipapo kukanda kukakavadzana chinhu mutumbi rechipfuwo wake. Pane zviitiko vanobudirira vachirwisa Colorado mbatatisi beetles nokuda predacious notumwe.

nemaziso notumwe

Chokwadi, zvakaoma kuona guru, simba howa, vanodada chirefu kupfuura pasi. Zvisinei, vakawanda mhando vane zvikuru mwero saizi. Munhu wose ajaira chakuvhuvhu uye nevamwe vamiririri vakasiyana howa umambo. Izvi nemaziso dzakadzidzvinyirira haana kurovha mukana wavo. Pakangotanga spores awire yakakodzera substrate, pakarepo anotanga chirongwa overgrowing.

Asi gakava tichigara kwose kwose, kunyange Antarctica, mhepo ine zvimwe nhamba vavo. Pfungwa iri akaripa nemaziso notumwe yezvokurapa mycology. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, wokutanga asingaurayiwi kuti penicillin rwaiwanikwa nokuda vakasiyana howa, uyewo nekutambira mishonga yakawanda uye zvinodhaka. Chete mumakore achangopfuura, kuti yekuzvidzivirira neutachiona uye kuderedza mari inoshandiswa, takatanga kusika chakaita zvokugadzirwa nemishonga.

Kushandiswa yaigadzira zvokudya

Howa kunogona kuva kushongedzwa chero tafura. Kunyange akaoma kunzwisisa gourmets vanokoshesa fruiting miviri notumwe nokuda kwavo chaiyo, zvisinei havadi kunaka. A-siyana zvinenge makuru anozarura yakafarikana kwakaita kuti culinary okugadzira zvinhu. Asi kushandisa notumwe zvokudya indasitiri haringorevi banal vachidya fruiting miviri yavo.

Oddly zvakakwana, vakawanda zvigadzirwa zvaipiwa muzvitoro ane notumwe. Somuenzaniso, tisingatauri mbiriso - mumwe zvikuru nevanhu zvokubikisa yaigadzira zvokudya. Kunyange facial muchero zvine mumwe mari nemaziso notumwe, kana kavha rine mashoko "bleached." Saka tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti zvinenge aya kwazvo kuripo muupenyu hwedu, kwete kunetsa kuzivisa vazhinji vedu. Naizvozvo mycology - iyi ndiyo imwe matavi inokosha sayenzi yemazuva anogona kupa nyika yakawanda zvinoshamisa zvakawanwa achiri.

Industrial kurimwa

Zvaizoratidza sokuti kamwe howa anobatsira vanhu, wadii kukura navo kwose? Asi kwete vose nyore. Ruzhinji howa anoramba kukura pamusoro howa mumapurazi. Chokwadi ndechokuti zviripo masango, zvinenge izvi vane guru symbiotic ukama, pasina iro kuvapo kwavo hazvibviri. Naizvozvo, townsfolk vane kugara nokuti zvatinosiita Oyster howa hungu. Vaya vakanga vatarisira kuti zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana, kuenda kudondo uye vatore pachako inonaka howa muchero.

Zvisinei, kunyange avo notumwe anogona kukura mune greenhouses, kukura nyore. Chokwadi kuti howa nyika izere makwikwi - mamiriyoni spores kuyangarara mumhepo apo vakamirira mapapiro. Mycology - ane bhizimisi rinoda kunonyanyisa kusabereka. Saka, asati yekutapurira a nutritious substrate makakatanwa kodzero howa, unofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti mhepo mumba iri chena. Uyezve, zvinoda kumbonyatsoongorora mbereko zviridzwa zvinobatanidzwa acho, uye kunyange nguo dzevanhu, conductive hutachiona inofanira sterilized kwazvo. The chete nzira unogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti nhungirwa ndizvo zvaunofanira.

Research Institute of Mycology. Kashkina

Izvi zvakaoma chaizvo rakagadzirirwa zvakadzama kudzidza sayenzi howa, ndicho chete kupfungwa nemarudzi adzo iri yose Russia. Inoshandisa ichangobva midziyo rokuongorora munhu fungal chirwere zvinobudirira, uye ipapo pamberi pake. Ainzi Research Center, vachikudza wemunhu chikwereti zvakawanda mycology ano - Kashkina Pavel Nikolayevich. Ndiye muna 1982 akavamba yokutanga mycological centre.

Zvakazozivikanwa kuti nemaziso notumwe ndiwo causative vaishandira zvirwere zvakawanda, hazvina chokuita wokutanga maonero. Kuwedzera mycologists muna Science Center. Kashkina achishanda chikwata immunologists, gastroenterologists, endocrinologists, urologists nezvimwe unyanzvi. Nemhaka vagari zvinoitwa vashandi dzokurapa uye kubudirira kurapwa kwezvirwere Mycology kukuru. On muenzaniso urongwa zvinoshamisa izvi manzwiro anobatsira vanhu mycology. Santiago de Cuba, 1/28 - kero Research Institute. Kashkina muSt Petersburg.

ramangwana Mycology

Chokwadi, sayenzi kuti inodzidza notumwe, vakamirira yemberi kukuru. Nokuti zvinenge aya akatambanudza zvose pamusoro nyika, nyuchi zvinenge zvose zvayo pemvura. Happy ramangwana anogona chete ivakwe pamwe nezvisikwa izvi zvinoshamisa. Kwete chete vanhu novimba notumwe, miti yakawanda haaizorarama pasina rubatsiro rwavo. About 80% of nemiti panyika chiripo nekuda mycorrhiza - symbiosis pamwe notumwe. Redu vakava chii tinozviziva, Vongai kuitwa nerokuchema dzakadzidzvinyirira izvi.

Vanhu vanonyatsoziva notumwe sei kukosha. Saka, zvinhu zvitsva Mycology Research Institute, zviuru masayendisiti kushanda kudzidza indasitiri. ndiwo mupiro howa nesayenzi mune zvokurapa uye zvokudya indasitiri rinokosha. Howa kubatsira nevashamani uye nevaroyi varambe asinganzwisisiki tsika uye varapi kuporesa tichibatsirwa chirwere wavo. Zvakabuda emakore pamwe notumwe uye vanhu ikava kurangwa nesayenzi - mycology. Pane chikonzero chiri chose chokudavira kuti ichi sainzi wechidiki ari kumirira remangwana rakajeka.