Utsotso tembiricha nendarama. utsotso uye Kubika kupisa pamusoro simbi

Ndiwo mashoko ehupfumi muviri nesimbi vakawanda pakutsvaga munda chikumbiro chavo muvanhu vari unyanzvi uye indasitiri. Pakati huru unhu zvikuru kukosha ndechokuti yavo tembiricha utsotso. Zivo parameter ichi kunoita kuti abudirire chokubatanidza zvinhu zvakasiyana nokusika takasununguka, Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye yepamusoro alloys, kunyanya wakanyatsokodzera kushandiswa mumba.

utsotso uye Kubika kupisa pamusoro simbi

Nokuti mumwe mumiririri weimwe kupiwa chokukomborerwa. Zvisinei, nomuganhu kudziyisa uri simbi dzose. Pane imwe tembiricha, vanotanga vazvinyause, kuenda kubva yakasimba kuti mvura ezvinhu. Kana mufananidzo kuunza dzinonetsa kukosha, ipapo simbi achapinda gaseous mamiriro, i.e. inotanga Kubika uye vaporization rikurumidze.

Naizvozvo, pane kupatsanura yose tichiratidza kugona itye simbi. Vose vari akakamurwa zvinotevera mapoka.

1. Fusible. boka iri rinosanganisira avo kuti akanyauka dzimwe prices pazasi ⁶⁰⁰ C. Muenzaniso: zingi, yavaibvisa, gallium, bismuth, tini, necesium, uye vamwe.

2. Medium meltability. Chakarurama mukati 600-1600 ^C. Somuenzaniso, ndarama utsotso pfungwa wakachena chimiro - 1063 ^C, saka, kwazvinoita boka iri simbi.
3. Refractory. Vanopfuura 1600 ^C. Mienzaniso: titanium, tungsten, chromium uye nevamwe.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kupatsanura ichi chinoshanda chete simbi yakachena. Panyaya alloys, nhamba zvachinja, uye tsika zvingasiyana Muongororo yekutanga.

Achibika pfungwa nesimbi vari yekudyidzana kupfuura vaiona parameter. Saka, kana utsotso pfungwa ndarama - 1063 ^{° C,} kubika pfungwa - kare 2947 ° ^C. The musiyano iri kusvika kaviri!

Gold: munhu mukuru muchidimbu

Aurum, kana ndarama - ndiyo makemikari Kufananidzira nhamba 79 mu periodic table. Mabhomba kurema ndiwo 196,967 dzakabatana. Iri boka I, iitike boka. Rinoreva zvinokosha nesimbi, kuwedzera:

• Platinum;
• sirivha;
• palladium.

Mumaonero reactivity zvachose inert, hapana inokosha mamiriro ari kuita hazvirevi kupinda. It anonyanya ehupfumi zvokunyama kuti anobvumira kushandiswa kwayo muna zvishongo, zvemichina uye indasitiri.

ehupfumi Physical nendarama

Chii saka pakuti simbi iyi, yaiva kwemazana emakore akawanda kutevera vanhu uye vakava chiratidzo zvemari zvakanaka kuva munyika?

1. Color. Ndarama yakaisvonaka kunoratidzwa wakanaka zvakadzama yero ruvara ane anzi esimbi Sheen. The mvura simbi ine rakachenuruka munyoro ruvara. Vakaroorana yayo tsvuku-nyoro ruvara.
2. Pokuoma. Muchishandisa ichi parameter Gold muduku kune dzimwe nhengo dzakawanda nokuti nyoro simbi. Pamwero wenyika pokuoma zvinhu (Mohs pamwero) rinoita zvinoriumba ndiyo 2.5-3.
3. Utsotso tembiricha ndarama - 1063 ^C.
4. The zvemagetsi conductivity akanaka, 75% panyaya mhangura somunhu superconductor.
5. The chafariz conductivity nokupisa vanokwanisa harwuna kwazvo. Zvegoridhe vakuchidzire pakarepo uye nokukurumidza neshungu.

The anokosha ehupfumi kuti kupa yepamusoro ukoshi goridhe, vaiona yoga. Ivo:

• ductility;
• plasticity;
• arambe achirema.

simbi arambe achirema

Munotapira arambe achirema mamirire kunoreva uremu yamarudzi muzana chikwata vhoriyamu. Saka goridhe ane rinenge soro mufananidzo kuti kupiwa parameter. Saka, Somuenzaniso, hafu girazi yakaisvonaka jecha achava uremu vanenge 1000 magiramu.

Gold Density, ndokunatsawo pakusachena ndiyo 19.3 g / masendimita ^3. Kana isu nezvazvo zvepanyama matombo zvendarama, ipapo zviri zvishoma chimbadzo - 18-18,2 g / masendimita ^3. chakarurama Izvi zvinobvumira zvakakunakira wabvisa simbi kubva pamatombo. Iyewo anoita saka goridhe anodhura nokuda kwazvo shoma magiramu.

Malleability uye ductility

Utsotso pfungwa goridhe, uyewo yaro hwakanyanya malleability uye ductility kuti mukana uye rakapfava mumaoko ruzivo vanhu. Saka, musi kunzwa pfungwa "shizha goridhe". Chii? It yakanyikwa wakaisvonaka Semi-usiri machira dzendarama zvidimbu, izvo hazvina chisanyanya ngachivhenekere inopenya uye akanaka. Gold shizha pamusoro inogona zvemapuranga zvigadzirwa, masvingo ose rising kereke , uye zvichingodaro.

A dzinokwana 1 g izvi zvinoshamisa simbi anogona hutete chaizvo waya, wakareba uchava anenge 3000 metres! Gold riri kubatwa deformations zvinotevera pasina kurasikirwa zvivako uye kuvimbika mamiriro:

• compression;
• richaparara;
• curvature;
• vachikuya;
• tikaisa;
• Munotatamura;
• achivadzidzisa chero zvandinenge chimiro.

Sezvingatarisirwa, kwakadaro yakatarwa muviri zvivako havagoni kuramba kucherechedzwa nevanhu uye, naizvozvo, goridhe inoshandiswa muminda nesayenzi, ruzivo uye indasitiri siyana.

Kuva zvakasikwa uye kushandiswa kwevanhu

In yaro yepakutanga chimiro ndarama kunoitika zvakasikwa muchimiro vara, jecha kana inclusions namatombo. Placer goridhe - nzvimbo zvavo kwevanhu. In musanganiswa jecha, ivhu uye zvimwe zvikamu hwaputswa, uye ipapo vakaparadzana mune yakachena chimiro.

Uyewo, goridhe zvirimowo mu:

• miti;
• mhuka;
• Muviri womunhu;
• pasi mvura;
• makungwa, uye nyanza;
• lithosphere.

Zvose izvi nzvimbo, vanhu vakadzidza kusvina nesimbi okushandisa zvavanoda. Seiko kubatsirwa?

1. The chikuru Bazi - Ichokwadi, zvishongo. Beautiful kushongedzwa akaita akasiyana alloys endarama ndiyo huru chepfungwa zvemari fuma anenge ose mukadzi. Ivo vanopiwa vadiwa, ivo mari, ivo vanoyemurwa uye kukosheswa.
2. Midziyo yemagetsi. Utsotso tembiricha zvendarama Platinum, uye palladium, nickel, uye vamwe nesimbi anovaita inokosha chaizvo kushandiswa mukugadzirwa mafomu. A goridhe pfuma vane anokudzwa pakati malleability, uye plasticity, pamwe makemikari inertness pamusoro waya anobvumira kushandiswa simbi iyi duku mashoko, Chips. Semuenzaniso, phones, materevhizheni, macalculator uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvemhando.
3. Gold - zvakaoma mari munyika, iyo isina depreciated nokusingaperi. Akanga asingatyi mitengo uye default, saka vazhinji vanoramba mari dzavo riri vara nesimbi.
4. Awards nokuti kubudirira dzakasiyana zvemitambo Tournaments uye mitambo vari akaurayiwa goridhe, sirivha nendarira, izvo kamwe zvakare anosimbisawo hwaikosha yavo.

alloys goridhe

maitiro aya ari simbi kwayo yakaisvonaka chimiro kuti rakasiyana kwete chete uye nevakawanda, asi kukanganisa risanyatsobuda. Saka, nokuda kudunhu softness yakaisvonaka zvishongo zviri nyore kuti deform, Kukuvadzwa nokupamba. Naizvozvo, chicherwa alloys rinowanzoshandiswa nevamwe nhengo periodic hurongwa.

1. 585 goridhe. chiwanikwa Iri yakanakisisa vaitengesa Inonyanya munyika yedu uye kunze. Of zvazviri? 58,5% - yakaisvonaka, 34% imhangura, 7.5% - sirivha. Utsotso pfungwa goridhe 585 - vanenge 840 ^{° C,} iyo zviri kuvatumwa kuti yakaisvonaka mharidzo. Zvisinei, vakawanda vari chiwanikwa ehupfumi vari nani zvikuru, sezvo nouipi ripa payakaipira nyore simbi. Copper zvinoshanda kuti dzikurukure simba neukukutu chigadzirwa. Zvisinei, kana zvinondiremera kwazvo, ipapo chigadzirwa vachatongerwa nokukurumidza ngura. Silver zvazvinoita ruvara. Nemhaka nayo chiwanikwa zvikuru tsvuku, kupenya zvakasvibirira mumvuri pasina tsvina. Chokwadi chokuti goridhe utsotso pfungwa 585 zvokuti yakaderera zvichienzaniswa mumbure chisarudzo, anoti kubatana zvigadzirwa vanofanira kungwarira zvikuru uye kungwarira, uye kwete kusiya pedyo pachena womoto.
2. Gold 999. chiwanikwa iyi - yakavakirwa chezvematongerwe yakaisvonaka simbi duku inorwara mhangura. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, zvendarama utsotso pfungwa 999 kunowedzera tichienzanisa yapfuura chakarurama. Zviri 1063 ^{° C,} kureva zvakafanana kukosha sezvo ari nyore fuma. Products dzakagadzirwa chiwanikwa ichi manyoro, vaikwanisa deformation, saka, zvinoda kungwarira kukurukurwa uye chinokosha hanya.

goridhe 375

Utsotso tembiricha yendarama 585 iri average. Zvechokwadi, pane chiwanikwa, sezvamakaropafadzwa anokudzwa simbi nezvokuvandudzika% 37.5 chete (375 mharidzo). musiyano wezvinyorwa kwakadaro ane indekisi uchanyangadika kazhinji kuda 770 ^{° C,} inova shoma ukoshi.

Kana isu nezvazvo mujinga chiwanikwa yendarama nesirivha, zvokusarudza izvi havana kushandiswa. The chigadzirwa uchakomborerwawo nyoro. Naizvozvo, mhangura aripo inodiwa. Utsotso kurehwa sirivha nendarama ndizvo anenge chete duku paradzira,. The chena simbi ndiyo 961,8 ° ^C. Naizvozvo, havana zvokusagona pamwe chiwanikwa lowers kwose munyika chigadzirwa.

Chii chinoratidza kuti ruvara zvishongo zvendarama?

Chii ruvara unokandirwa kushongedzwa pamusoro chiedza kunoenderana worudzii chirungiso muna musanganiswa, uye chii chikamu pavo. Red tint achava chigadzirwa umo 50/50 goridhe-sirivha uye mhangura.

White - kana pamunopinda musanganiswa palladium, nickel, sirivha uye zvakawanda. Green - sirivha uye mhangura, pink - sirivha, palladium uye mhangura.