Golden algae: mhando uye mazita

Golden algae Division (photos nokurondedzerwa uye kurondedzerwa munhu kwemarudzi anogona kuwanikwa munyaya ino) chikazozikamwa, zvichida, zvikurukuru chete zvipenyu. Zvisinei, vamiririri vayo kuridza basa rinokosha zvakasikwa. Golden algae - mumwe mapoka algae mukuru. madzibaba avo vaiva chikuru amoeboid zvinenge. Golden algae dzakafanana yeyero-nyoro, uye diatomaceous ubatanidzwewo shava algae muchiuto pigments, kuvapo nesilicon muchitokisi membranes, ari Zvinoumba okuchengetera zvinhu. Pane chikonzero chokudavira kuti ivo madzitateguru diatoms. Zvisinei, kubvuma ichi hazvigoni kunzi zvakazara nekusimba.

Golden algae Division: mukuru unhu

Tiri kuziva zvinomera yakawanda morphological kusiyana. Golden algae (mufananidzo kusimuka pamusoro) vari vaviri unicellular uye zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, dzayaitonga. Uyezve, pakati yendarama algae vane mumiririri yaingowanikwa chaizvo. Multicore thallium iye kusimira Plasmodium. Saka, siyana chaizvo yendarama algae.

Nemamiriro Masero zvipenyu izvi kunoratidzwa kuvapo zvakasiyana yakawanda flagella. nhamba yavo kunobva mhando. Kazhinji vaviri, asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mune mamwe marudzi, pane vatatu yendarama algae flagellum. Chechitatu, wakaiswa, iri pakati maviri chinjwa. Akadana gantonemoy uye kunoratidzwa ne kuwedzera apera. Gantonemy chinhu ndechokuti sero nawo vasiyana substrate.

ruvara

Golden algae - iri vaparadzana, izvo zvinosanganisira kazhinji nemaziso mhuka. chloroplasts avo kazhinji yendarama-yellow ruvara. Kucherechedzwa pigments chlorophyll A. Uyezve, chlorophyll kwave dzakaonekwa E, uyewo carotenoids zhinji, kusanganisira vakawanda carotene uye xanthophylls, kunyanya anonzi Staphylococcus fucoxanthin. Makara vamiririri Department inotifadza anogona kuva mavara akasiyana, zvichienderana predominance mumwe kana mumwe pigments izvi. Zvinogona kuva kubva greenish mashava uye greenish-yellow kuti wakachena yendarama-yellow.

Kukosha uye kubereka

Golden algae marudzi zviri mafashafasha - nayo phototrophic zvinenge. kukosha kwavo riri kunyanya pakusikwa chikuru kugadzirwa madziva. Mukuwedzera, vari munyaya romugove ngetani siyana hwemvura zvipenyu, kusanganisira hove, yendarama algae. Types kuvandudza gasi hurumende reservoirs zvavo siyana apo vanokura. ivowo kuumba deposits ose sapropel.

Division Golden algae ruminant vamiririri vayo dzinoratidzwa nyore muchitokisi nokupesana, uyewo kuora thallus kana zvipuka zvine masero akawanda dzaitongwa kupinda munhu nhengo. Academic anozivikanwa uye zvepabonde chichiitwa, riri mumufananidzo autogamy, hologamiyu kana isogamy. In Nemhaka kubereka kwacho kuonekwa endogenous siliceous cysts, akasiyana pangoro dzakadai hunhu hwavo sculpting deko. cysts aya anokosha nerevane - vanobatsira algae yokupukunyuka nematambudziko ezvinhu.

Kupiwa yendarama algae

Golden algae rakapararira munyika yose. Asi kakawanda kukura unozvidzora latitudes. Zvirimwa izvi kurarama kunyanya vatsva mumvura. Golden algae nonyanya mune sphagnum bogs pamwe asidhi mvura. A vashoma zvipenyu izvi vagere munyu madhamu uye makungwa. Mvura yakasviba vari vashoma zvikuru. Kana ivhu, vari vashomanana rudzi kurarama nazvo.

Golden algae Division inosanganisira vamiririri makirasi anoverengeka. Below isu anoratidza vamwe vavo.

kirasi Hrizokapsovye

Vamiririri Its dzinoratidzwa nokuva yakaoma thallus rine mucosa mamiriro. Hrizokapsovye yaitonga siyana zvinosanganisira, achiri tinyerere akayangarara kana zvakabatanidzwa. The masero zvipenyu izvi havana flagella, kana pamusoro miganhu. Mubatanidzwa kupinda imwe nevakawanda nebhitumini misha, avete kazhinji yaro peripheral akaturikidzana, asi anogona kuva nechepakati mugove.

kirasi Hrizotrihovye

kirasi iyi inosanganisira yendarama algae ane ndiro-zvakadai, uye filamentous raznonitchatuyu marongerwo. Utachiona zvose izvi zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, benthic yemanyorero chaidzo. Tull kunge mapazi kana nyore, vasina kana multi-musara pemavara, discoid maplatelet parenchymal kana pamakwenzi. Zvavo havasi kunyudzwa nebhitumini.

Mukirasi iyi pamwe chete kuumba Freshwater, zvomumvura uye brackish zvishoma. Hrizotrihovye ndiyo inonyanya zvikuru yakarongwa boka zvipenyu zvose yendarama algae. Nhengo dzaro akafanana chitarisiko kuti ulotriksovymi kungova dhipatimendi ouswa algae, uyewo geterotriksovymi ndeve dhipatimendi yellow-girini algae. Vamwe vamiririri hrizotrihovyh vakafanana mamwe nyore akaronga kelp.

kirasi Hrizosferovye

Kukirasi ichi ndiko yendarama algae, riri coccoid muviri mamiriro. The masero zvipenyu izvi akafukidzwa ine cellulose membrane. Plaits uye rhizopoda vamiriri mukirasi iyi ndivo zvachose vasipo. zvirimwa ava unicellular, mira. Ishoma dzayaitonga siyana, izvo clumps masero, zvakasiyana-siyana kwakabatana uye achinyatsotaurira akasanganiswa nebhitumini. Havazivi kuumba filaments kana maplatelet panguva kubereka.

kirasi Hrizofitsievye

Mukirasi iyi vakabatana yendarama algae, une marudzi akasiyana nesangano iri thallus. mudziyo Ndiko chawo, maererano izvo zvinotevera zvirevo zviri dzinounzwa kukirasi ichi: rizohrizidalnye (kuva rizopodialnuyu mamiriro) hrizomonadalnye (mopadnye chimiro) hrizokapsalnye (palmelloidnye chimiro) feotamnialnye (filamentous) uye hrizosferalnye (coccoid fomu). Tinopa iwe tinyatsoziva wacho mirairo mukirasi iyi.

Hrizomonadalnye (zvimwe - hromulinalnye)

Izvi zvinonyanya zvakawanda muitiro, tichibatanidza yendarama algae rine monadic chivako sezvo yaitonga uye unicellular. Systematics chrysomonads inobva marongerwo uye uwandu flagella. Zvikuru kukosha ndiyo hunhu hwavo muchitokisi machira. Kune mhando imwe uye biflagellate. Kare zvakanzi vaidavira kuti uwane chinyakare bhuku vari kureva kutanga. Zvisinei, kuti Erekitironi maikorosikopu akabatsira masayendisiti vanoona kuti zvichipomerwa odnozhgutikovyh siyana kupa lateral flagellum yechipiri duku. Vaongorori hypothesized kuti Muongororo yekutanga inogona biflagellate chrysomonads kuva heteromorphic geterokontnye uye flagella uye odnozhgutikovye mhando dzinokonzerwa haizopereri rutapudzo munhu pfupi joko.

Kana sero rinofukidza hrizomonadalnyh vamiririri, zvakasiyana. Ipapo kupfeka chimiro, akapfeka chete plasma membrane. Mamwe masero ari akanyudzwa rinokosha cellulose dzimba. Pamusoro plasmalemma rechitatu butiro rinoumbwa silicified pachiyero.

Kushandisa sero kupesana akaita chrysomonads kubereka kwacho. Mune dzimwe mhando ikoko uye zvepabonde muitiro.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chrysomonads - zviri kunyanya Freshwater zvinenge. Most kazhinji vanowanikwa kwakajeka mumvura. Chrysomonads kazhinji munguva inotonhora mwaka, mukupera kwematsutso uye mangwanani chitubu. Vamwe zvinenge kurarama pasi aizi munguva yechando. Zvisinei, sezvo masayendisiti akawana, nokuti ivo hazvina zvichikosha tembiricha mvura. Rine chete isina kunanga ukoshi. The kemesitiri mvura ndiyo yakaoma chikonzero. Mumazana gore riri kuchinja mumvura panguva kutonhora mwaka somugumisiro kushaya zvimwe zvinomera zvine zvakawanda senitrogen nedare. chrysomonads Most anogara plankton. Vane anokosha pakuitisa planktonic mararamiro. Vamwe vamiririri chrysomonads yakasvibiswa mvura Brown ruvara, zvichiita kuti "maruva".

Tinopa iwe kuti Kunyatsoziva mhuri Ohromonadovye kuti iri basa kupatsanura ichi.

mhuri Ohromonadovye

Tikaramba kudzokorora dhipatimendi racho yendarama algae. Nhengo dzemhuri Ohromonadovye - siyana kupfeka chimiro. Masero dzavo zvakafukidzirwa chete cytoplasmic Kamudzira ane mumwe kana vaviri flagella (dzisakarurama).

Rhode Ohromonas

Algae ino mhando vanowanza kurarama neuston kana Freshwater plankton. Zvishoma kacho, vachiwanikwa munyika brackish mumvura. genus ichi inomiririrwa sero kuroorwa yendarama ruvara, rine mbiri heteromorphic uye geterokontnyh flagellum. Ohromonas - usina muchitokisi, akapfeka chete kunze cytoplasmic membrane. The cytoskeleton rinoumbwa microtubules marairirwo peripherally inotsigira ayo teardrop chimiro. Nechepakati sero akadaro ane neerekitironi. It akapoteredzwa hamvuropu renyukireya rine membranes maviri.

Plate chromatophores (pane vaviri) vari midzi riwedzere, riri chipo pakati membranes kuti hamvuropu renyukireya. The ultrastructure wavo ndizvo wedhipatimendi ndevenyu iyo. hrizolaminarinom Major pamwe vacuole riri kurutivi rwemberi muchitokisi. The mitochondria vanoparadzirwa mukati cytoplasm, golgi midziyo iri pamberi sero akadaro. Kubva kuguma mberi kubva flagella. Vaviri vavo, havana kuenzana.

G. Buck akadzidza mavambo mastigonemes uye mamiriro wakanaka Ochromonas Danica (yendarama algae). Photos nemazita kubatsira kuona izvi kana mamwe marudzi zvipenyu. In mufananidzo pamusoro - algae Ochromonas Danica. Iyi mhando ndiyo nyore kuziva chii simba rinomutsa ari mastigonemes. Chokwadi kuti masero awo vane mumwe anofadza chikabviswa - vanogona kurasikirwa flagella yavo nyore, uye ipapo kuzodzosera kuumba navo. Kunoitawo kuti kuongorora zvinhu mumatanho akasiyana-siyana patsva zviri flagellar midziyo.

Rhode Mallomonas

Nhengo dzaro kazhinji kurarama Freshwater plankton. munhangemutange iyi ndiyo vakapfuma mune mhuka. Masero wevamiriri vayo yakasiyana chimiro. Ivo akafukidzwa bristles kana anorwisa silicified pachiyero. Mallomonas caudata (yaifananidzira pamusoro) - mumwe kupfuura kwemarudzi pakati vamiririri ichi mhando. Nokuti chinorondedzerwa zvakadzama ultrastructure tigutsikane bristles flakes uye sero zviri uyewo mashandiro avo inotungamirwa, kusunungurwa kwaizotevera deposition avo muchitokisi pechiso. Zvisinei, ongororo dzakadai vachiri vashoma.

tsanangura muchidimbu mashoko flagella ari mumiririri genus Mallomonas sezvo M. caudata. Vaiva vaviri, asi musiyano uri chete imwe Manyiminya maikorosikopu. flagellum ichi ane muupenyu marongerwo. Ane 2 mitsara bvudzi-mastigonemes. In chiedza maikorosikopu indistinguishable flagellum wechipiri, iyo makabuda chinhambwe kubva muchitokisi. Scales pakavha achiivanza.

Rhode Sinura

genus ichi kunoratidzwa ellipsoidal kana idenderedzwa dzaitongwa rinoumbwa masero peya serin'i. Pakati nyuchi ivo batanidza neshure mativi, dzimwe nguva refu. Kubva cytoplasmic Kamudzira kunze sero vakapfeka silicified pachiyero. Makwande aya akaronga spirally, ivo bindepinde imbricated. Ultrastructure uye chimiro pachikero izvi, uyewo mallomonas vari mukuru taxonomic kukosha. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mumiririri akadai S. sphagnicola (yaifananidzira pamusoro), munyaya muchinjikwa-chikamu basal ndiro riri sandara, i.e. ane yunifomu ukobvu. perforations Small pinda kwaari. Apical akaita thickened kumucheto pamberi mucheto. Basal mucheto apo hwakakungwa. Iye akapoteredzwa basal lamina, pova chinhu chakafanana chikomboredzo yendarama algae ichi. nhengo dzaro dzine negomba nechiredzo, akakotama outwards. It wanamatira chinhambwe kubva pamberi kumucheto ndiro. Inguva iri chawo.

Kana dzimwe nhengo wedhipatimendi, sezvo yegoridhe algae, nemamiriro ose pachikero zvishoma yakaoma. Izvi zvinoshandawo zvikurukuru S. petersonii. Nenguvo dzakarukwa zvakanaka Perforated pamusoro basal lamina mune mhando iyi medial muhomba (mhango). He apical, pfocho kana rwakavakwa. Kupera nayo ingangowedzera mhiri pamberi kumucheto pachikero, nokudaro simulating ari Spike. Major nguva riri medial muhomba iri nechemberi kwayo. The basal kuguma pachikero vakatsunga akafanana chidhongi. Iye Rinoengerera pamusoro muviri wake. Front uye neshure zviyero izvo kufukidza sero muviri, vane transverse mbabvu, izvo Uchabva medial muhomba. Kuwedzera kune transverse evaMedhia vane mbabvu longitudinal. On muchitokisi pamwero hazvisi sandara, uye zvakabatanidzwa, sokuti, chete zvakasiyana kuguma nomuzongoza. In S. sphagnicola (yaifananidzira pamusoro) Profiles muviri chikero uve cytoplasmic vesicles, kunyanya iri kumativi rokunze pemvura chloroplast, kunyange ivo zvingaitikawo pakati payo uye vesicles pamwe hrizolaminarinom.

Group kok-kolitoforid

Golden algae marudzi uye mazita yatiri kudzidza zvakawanda. Pakati pavo chinokosha boka - mubiki-kolitoforid. wevamiriri vayo vane zvavo noruzhinji zvinhu. Pellicle vakakomba kunze coccoliths mamwe rukoko (inonzi kumativi calcareous corpuscles). Ivo anowanikwa madzihwa, iyo allocates munhu protoplast.

kirasi Gaptofitsievye

kirasi iyi anosarudzwa achinyanya sechivako masero monadic kuti vane gaptonemoy kunze flagella. Sechivako mukirasi iyi zvinosanganisira mirairo matatu zvikuru. Funga mumwe wavo.

The hurongwa primiezialnye

Ari kazhinji dzinoratidzwa maviri isomorphic uye izokontnymi flagella, uyewo refu gaptonemoy. Zvayaiva pamusoro kunze pemvura plasmalemma masero zvemapuranga kana zvisiri mineralized makemikari flake-coccoliths muviri (madota), izvo pamwe chete kuumba kokkosferu kumativi muchitokisi.

Mumwe mhuri hurongwa - Prymnesiaceae. Sezvaiitwa yakachena mumvura uye mumakungwa rine chokuita genus Hrizohromulina kwazviri. Oval kana idenderedzwa masero maviri anotsvedzerera flagella yakaenzana urefu uye gaptonemoy akafukidza kunze cytoplasmic Kamudzira vasiri mineralized Organic pachiyero. Yokupedzisira kazhinji pakubhadhara maviri. Ivo dzinosiyana munzvimbo chimiro uye kana kukura.

Somuenzaniso, Chrysochromulina birgeri pane mhando mbiri pachikero izvo kufukidza muviri wake. Vakasiyana chete kukura. Makwande izvi akaumbwa denderedzwa mahwendefa, kudhirowa inova TOUR anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Kunewo mbiri huru protrusion inopiwa dziri nyanga. Cell pemvura dzimwe mhando kuchizvivanza pachikero, idzo morphologically akasiyana, zvimwe kana zvishoma zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, imwe sandara, vakagumisa dzakawanda chikero Ch. cyanophora kuva mutete concentric anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Ivo bindepinde, pova bhokisi akapoteredza keji. Kazhinji vakahwanda vakawanda cylindrical zviyero, iri panze.

Two nemhando pachikero panewo pa Ch. megacyiindra - ichi humburumbira uye chikwangwani. The sepombi vari zvakaenzana raparadzirwa munyika keji. Mumwe nomumwe wavo kuda kudzika kuguma yacho basal ndiro. Mativi sepombi idzi dzinenge anobata mumwe. Pasi pavo vane sandara chikero pamwe marimu, pova muzvizhinji kuti akaturikidzana.

nezvemarudzi matatu pachikero kuchengetwa Ch. Chiton. urongwa kwavo kunoratidzwa matanhatu makuru pasina pomukombero dzakaripoteredza mumwe, guru uye noruoko nomukombero. Pakakoromorwa pakati pavo vakazadzwa flakes zvikuru diki.

In mhedziso, kumboongorora imwe mhuri.

mhuri Kokkolitoforidovye

Izvi zvinosanganisira kunyanya zvomumvura mhuka. Kunze iri gimenomonas - Freshwater genus. Masero Monadic nhengo dzemhuri dzine mbiri dzakafanana flagellum. Gaptonema vanowanzoita zvinoonekwa kwazvo. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakawanda coccolithophorids iye pachena ipfupi. Somuenzaniso, hazvina kuchengetwa N. coronate.

Masero dzemhuri nhengo nechivako yavo hakuiti wakasiyana nevamwe masero gaptofitsievyh. Vane neerekitironi chloroplasts, izvo wakakomberedzwa endoplasmic reticulum. Inosanganisira trehtilakoidnye lamellae, pasina nebhanhire lamella. Muchitokisi ikoko uye pyrenoids. Aiwanzopiwa wokushanda thylakoids kuyambuka naro. Varipowo mitochondria, Golgi midziyo , nezvimwewo. Panyaya muchitokisi jira, riri kunze cytoplasmic membrane. Coccoliths - flakes akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya carbonate icho inoitwa. Coccoliths pamwe kuumba kokkosferu kumativi muchitokisi. Dzimwe mhando vane asiri mineralized Organic flakes kunze navo.

Coccoliths uye kunyora choko

Mabviro kunyora nesuko, zvaizivikanwa tose, unofadza zvikuru. Kana kuonekwa nemaikorosikopu, kana kwete nyika zvikuru mufananidzo, vatsvakurudzi kazhinji kubata ziso foraminifera anoshongwa. Zvisinei, panguva yakakwirira magnification kunoratidza muzvizhinji kuti segirazi mahwendefa mumwe mavambo. mutengo wavo idukusa 10 microns. mahwendefa aya coccoliths uye inomirira PARTICIPLE goko coccolithophorids algae. Kushandisa Pepa Erekitironi maikorosikopu akabvumira masayendisiti kuti asarudze kuti coccoliths vavo zvimedu anoumba 95% of Cretaceous matombo. Education izvi zvinofadza iri parizvino kudzidza maererano ultrastructure. Uyezve, masayendisiti arangarira Genesisi yavo.

Saka, isu muchidimbu mibvunzo vamwe algae Division. Classes uye munhu nhengo kwayo kunge akatsanangurwa nesu. Chokwadi, taitaura chete mamwe marudzi, asi izvi zvakakwana kuwana pfungwa mukuru wedhipatimendi kufarira kwatiri. Zvino unogona kupindura mubvunzo: "? Golden Algae - chii"