Lawmaking: pfungwa, misimboti, mhando

Zvinozivikanwa kuti ari dzemunharaunda tsika uye tsika kuchimuka munzanga yakavakirwa evanhu ruzivo uye havasi pasi - vanyori vakanga vakwira navo. Regai kunongedzera uye nguva panowanikwa imwe yetsika uye yetsika yokuzvibata. Kusiyana dzemunharaunda dzetsika uye tsika, kwemitemo simuka uye kukudziridza nguva dzose muupenyu nounyanzvi webasa inokosha masangano. Izvi anonzi mutemo-kugadzira. Saka, murayiro-kugadzira, dzidziso, misimboti, mhando mutemo-rokuita iri nguva dzose kuzviitira uye lockable munguva. Setsika, mutemo rokuita kakawanda kuita zvikuru vakasikirwa chinangwa ichi nhengo ose ehurumende. The causal Panobva lawmaking ndiyo pravoobrazovaniya - hwakagadzwa muupenyu paruzhinji panguva tsika mufambiro uye mvumo mitemo dzisina dzaitaurwa muchimiro mabasa pamutemo.

Sezvo STRUCTURAL zvinoriumba zvaisanganisira mutemo-kugadzira: pfungwa, misimboti, marudzi uye nezvimiro. Sezvambotaurwa, lawmaking ari inenge nguva dzose pashure mutemo-nokuti pfungwa yacho zviri hwakafara kupfuura pfungwa uye nenheyo lawmaking.

Chiitiko pamusoro lawmaking dzinoiswa pamusoro siyana chikonzero. Somuenzaniso, mutemo-kugadzira, dzidziso, misimboti, maonero akasiyana pamusoro subjectivity, kureva kuti masangano avo vane kodzero tiite izvi mhando yebasa. Pane mufananidzo mutemo-kugadzira, sezvo referendum, inova zvakananga uye pakarepo mutemo-Kugadzirwa vose, kunze mukufamba kuvhota. Mune dzimwe nyika, dzakadai Switzerland, mhando iyi inokosha pakuita sarudzo inokosha yose nyika kana imwe nharaunda, pagore munyika rinoitwa kusvika matatu nehafu chiuru nemareferenda. The inonyanya mhando murairo-kugadzira, kunoitwa zvikurukuru yakaumbwa kuti chinangwa ehurumende zviremera. Panguva iyi sandara, uyewo pachena mhando dzakasiyana uye mhando dzemutemo-kugadzira.

Somuenzaniso, kana vanhu sangano pachayo anovandudza murayiro hunotipa nomutemo simba, basa kwakadaro semhosva zvakananga mutemo-kugadzira. Pfungwa, misimboti, mhando zviri kuitwa yakataurwa muviri ichi.

Kana muviri pachena inopfuura basa iri pakusikwa mitemo yepamutemo mumwe muviri, inonzi kupa lawmaking. Mvumo mutemo-kugadzira anotaurwa mabasa akadaro, umo masimba pachena chete yaanofarira pamutemo zviito yakataurwa nemamwe masangano, kusanganisira asiri ehurumende.

Legislating patsanura vagamuchirawo pamutemo simba chiito chepamutemo. Somuenzaniso, paramende anoita mitemo - sezvo chemhando zvemitemo muviri. Yakanga anozviita enshrined muBumbiro reMitemo. zvimwe zvose masangano simba iyi kutora bylaws.

Sayenzi yemazuva pamutemo yave kuzivikanwa zvinotevera Misimboti mutemo-kugadzira:

- gutsaruzhinji, vanotarisirwa ndiitewo zvemitemo kwacho nokuda widest inobvira-siyana vagari. Zvinonzi rakatangwa muna zvakadai siyana somunhu plebiscite, referendamu, voruzhinji kukurukurirana, nokusununguka, basa muparamende.

- mitemo kupa kugarisana kwemirayiro yakasiyana siyana kusvika pamutemo chiito hakupesani nemamwe mabasa wepamutemo dzakakwirira pamutemo simba.

- nesayenzi kunosanganisira kusvika pakusikwa mitemo nyanzvi yesayenzi uye kushandisa sayenzi. Pfungwa iyi inokurudzirwa zvikuru kushandisa zvemitemo muitiro kune yose chiitiko basa iri, ari akazviunganidzira tsika, izvi nyaya zvidzidzo uye ruzivo pamusoro kuchinja pamutemo kuziva munzanga.

- timeliness, izvo zvinonzwisiswa sezvo aifanira kusarudza chaiyo uye kunyanya kuitwa mutemo. Izvi kunosimbiswa nemupristi professionalism uye kukwanisa nhengo mabasa mutemo rokuita.

- Executive, vachibvumira kutanga uye tora chaizvoizvo vanobudirira pamutemo mabasa.

- mbirikira uye kukurukurirana dzidziso uye tsika, izvo zvinopa mbirikira lawmaking.