Ductile Iron: Properties, Marking uye Applications

Dare resimbi rakasimba, rinokonzera kupisa, asi brittle, iron-carbon alloy ne carbon car C inobva ku 2.14 kusvika ku667%. Pasinei nokuvapo kwekukanganisa kwechimiro, kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana, nzvimbo, maitiro. Kazhinji kutukwa kwesimbi kunoshandiswa zvikuru.

Nhoroondo

Iyi nyaya yaizivikanwa kubva muzana remakore rekutanga BC. E. Midzi yake yeChinese iri muzana remakore VI. BC. E. MuEurope, kutaurwa kwokutanga kwemaindasitiri ekugadzirwa kwemagetsi kwakanyorwa muna XIV, uye muRussia - zana remakore rechi16. Asi iyo teknolojia yekugadzirwa kwemafureable cast cast iron patented muRussia muzana remakore rechina reXIX. Mushure mekugadzirwa AD Annosov.

Sezvo grey rakagadzirirwa dare risingakwanisi kushandiswa pamusana paro rakanyanyogadzirwa nemagetsi, uye simbi inodhura uye ine urombo hwakadzika nekugara kwenguva refu, mubvunzo wakamuka pamusoro pekusika kwesimbi yakavimbika, yakasimba, yakasimba, panguva imwechete iine simba rakawedzerwa uye rimwe ductility.

Kuumbwa kwesimbi yakakandwa hakugoneki, asi nekuda kwemaipiramu ayo epurasitiki, inokonzerwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzekumanikidzwa kwehutano (semuenzaniso, kutsika).

Kugadzirwa

Nzira huru iyo inoyungunuka mumhepo inopisa.

Zvigadzirwa zvekutanga zvekutsvavira kwevira

• Shihta - iron ore, ine zendarira mune maitiro emakisidi e ferum.
• Mafuta - coke uye gasi chaiwo.
• Oxygen inoputirwa kuburikidza nematambudziko chaiwo.
• Fluxes zvikemikari zvakagadzirwa nemanganese uye (kana) silicon.

Nhanho dzebhiri rinoputika:

1. Kudzorerwa kwesimbi yakachena nemaitiro emakemikari ematare esimbi nemhepo yakakodzwa kuburikidza nematombo.
2. Kuvhenekera kwekodhe uye kuumbwa kwekhaksi oxidhoni.
3. Carburization yesimbi yakachena mukugadzikana ne CO uye CO ₂ .
4. Kuzadzisa kweFe ₃ C ne manganese uye silicon, zvichienderana nezvinhu zvinodiwa panzvimbo.
5. Kugadzira denga rakapera muumbwa kuburikidza ne cast cast tapholes; Slag kusunungurwa kuburikidza ne slag matepi.

Pakuguma kwekushanda kwebasa, mhepo inopisa inogamuchira simbi yakagadzirwa, slag uye kupiswa kwevira gasi.

Zvigadzirwa zvemitambo zvekutsvaira kwevira

Zvichienderana nezvinotonhora, microstructure, carbon saturation uye additives, zvinokwanisika kuwana mhando dzakasiyana dzesimbi yakakandwa:

1. Kudzorerwa (mutsvuku): kabhoni mune fomu yakasungwa, primary cementite. Inoshandiswa semafuta matsva ekupfumisa imwe iron-carbon alloys, kushandiswa. Kusvika ku80% yezvose zvakagadzirwa nehuni-furnace.
2. Nheyo (gris): kabhoni nenzira yakakwana kana yakasununguka pasina graphite, iyo ndiro mahwendefa. Inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwepasi-nhengo dzomuviri. Kusvika 19% yezvakabudiswa nekukanda.
3. Special: yakazara nemarroalloys. 1-2% yemhando yakatarwa yekugadzirwa.

Ductile iron inokonzerwa nekupisa kwehuni yesimbi yenguruve.

Dzidziso yesimbi-carbon makamuri

Carbon ine ferum inogona kuumba mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzealloys nerudzi rwekristal lattice, iyo inoratidzwa pa microstructure version.

1. Nzira yakasimba yekupinda mukati me α-iron-ferrite.
2. Nzira yakasimba yekupindira mu γ-iron inoshandiswa.
3. Iyo yakakemikari inoitwa Fe ₃ C (yakasungwa nyika) isimiti. Inonyanya kuumbwa nekugadziriswa nekukurumidza kubva kumvura yakanyauka. Secondary - a slower decrease in temperature, from austenite. Dzidzo yepamusoro - kupora zvishoma nezvishoma, kubva kune ferrite.
4. Mushonga we mechanical we-ferrite uye cementite ipo perlite.
5. Mechanical musanganiswa wezviyo zve perlite kana austenite uye cementite - ledeburite.

Nekusimbisa simbi, microstructure inokosha inoratidzika. Graphite inogona kunge yakagadziriswa uye inogadzira zvigadziriswa pamusoro apa, asi inogona kuramba iri mune rusununguko nenzira yakasiyana-siyana inclusions. Izvo zvinhu zvinotungamirirwa nezvose zviyo zvakakura uye izvi zvakagadzirwa. Girafuite zvikamu zvesimbi ndiro mahwendefa, mazhenje kana zvikamu.

Ipa fomu yeplate chiratidzo che gray iron-carbon alloys. Zvinokonzera kubwinya kwavo uye kusachengeteka.

Inclusions floccous vane ductile cast iron, iyo inobatsira maitiro avo.

Iyo yakagadziriswa ye graphite inovandudza kunaka kwesimbi, iyo inokonzera kuwedzera kwekuoma, kuvimbika, kukwegura kwezvinhu zvakakura. Izvi zvinoshandiswa zvakakwirira-simba rakagadzirwa nesimbi. Ductile iron yezvikonzero zvinokonzera ferrite kana pearlite hwaro nekuvapo kwe floccous graphite inclusions.

Kuitwa kwe ferritic inogona kushandiswa simbi

Iyo inobudiswa kubva mumuchena, pre-eutectic low-carbon alloy nekugadzira ingots neka kabhi ye 2.4-2.8% uye zvinowedzera zvinowanikwa (Mn, Si, S, P). Uhu hwemadziro ezvinyorwa zvakapetwa hazvifaniri kunge zvisingasviki masendimita mashanu.Kunyange kuumbwa kwekukura kukuru, graphite ine mavara epafura uye zvinhu zvaunoda hazviitike.

Kuti uwane dombo rakasvibiswa rakagadzirwa nesimbi yakagadzirwa nesimbi, simbi inowanikwa mumabhokisi akasiyana uye inodururwa pamusoro pejecha. Yakanyatsovharwa midziyo inowanikwa muhuni dzinopisa. Izvi zvinotevera zvinotevera zvinowanikwa panguva yekuwedzera:

1. Izvo zvivako zvinopisa mumagetsi kune kutonhora kwe1000 ° C uye zvakasara kuti zvimire pane kupisa nguva dzose kwemaawa gumi kusvika ku24. Somugumisiro, primary cementite uye ledeburite kuora.
2. Isimbi yakanatswa kusvika 720 ° C pamwe nevira.
3. Pakushambidzika kwe10 ° C, ivo vakwegura kwenguva yakareba: kubva pa15 kusvika kuawa makumi matatu. Iyi kutonhora inovimbisa kuparara kwecementite yechipiri.
4. Pachigumo chekupedzisira, vanodzwa zvakare pamwe chete neshivha rinoshanda kusvika 500 ° C, uye zvino vanotorwa kuti vaende.

Kubatana kwakadaro kwekemikirini kunonzi gufiti.

Mushure mebasa racho, microstructure yemashoko acho ndeye ferrite uye flake mbeu dze graphite. Iyi ndiyo inonzi "mutsvuku", sezvo kuputsika kwakasviba.

Kubudiswa kwepearlite kusakatika kushandiswa kwesimbi

Iko rudzi rwesimbi-carbon carloy, iyo inotangirawo kubva ku-pre-eutectoid chena, asi carbon inowanikwa mairi inowedzera: 3-3.6%. Kuti uwane castings ne pearlite base, inowanikwa mumabhokisi uye inodururwa nemapuranga akaomeswa ehuta kana yezinga. Nzira yekugadzirisa iyo pachayo iri nyore.

1. Iyo yechando yesimbi yakasimudzwa kusvika 1 000 ° C, yakachengetwa kwemaawa 60-100.
2. Izvo zvivako zvakanatswa nechoto.

Nokuda kwechinorara pasi pesimba rekupisa mumhepo yakasvibirira, kupararira kunoitika: graphite yakabudiswa mu cimentite kukanganisa inosara kubva pane zvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa zvitsva, zvinogadziriswa pamusoro penhare kana muzinga. Iva nechepamusoro, yakanyanyisa uye ductile yepamusoro ye "mwoyo wakagadzirwa" unogona kusungirirwa simbi uye yakasimba pakati.

Kuwedzera kwakadai kunonzi kusina kukwana. Iyo inoita kuti kuparara kwe cementite uye ledeburite muplate-semapirititi nemafuta akafanana. Muchiitiko apo granular pearlite inogona kushandiswa simbi inoshandiswa nehupamhi huno simba nesimba uye ductility, zvimwe zvekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa kusvika 720 ° C. Muchiitiko ichi, perlite grains inoumbwa ne flake graphite inclusions.

Zvigadzirwa, kuratidza uye kushandiswa kwe ferritic inogona kushandiswa simbi

Iyo "yakaora mwoyo" yenguva yakawanda yesimbi muvira inokonzera kuparara kwakakwana kwe cementite uye ledeburite mu ferrite. Vongai teknolojia, mazai ane yakakwirira yekodhi inowanikwa - a ferrite chimiro chechepasi -carbon steel. Zvisinei, kabhoni pachayo hairi kuenda chero kupi-iyo inopfuura kubva kune imwe iron-yakasungwa kuenda kune rusununguko. Iko kutonhorera kune simba kunoshandura humiro ye graphite inclusions kune yakashambadza.

Iro ferritic structure inokonzera kuderera kwekuoma, kuwedzerwa kwesimba, kuvapo kwezvinhu zvakadai sesimba simba uye ductility.

Kuenzanisa kweguru resimbi inogona kushandiswa nekirasi ferritic: KCh30-6, KCh33-8, KCh35-10, KCh37-12, iyo:

KC - kusarudzwa kwezvakasiyana-siyana - kusakanganisika;

30, 33, 35, 37: σ _in , 300, 330, 350, 370 N / mm ² - mutoro wakakura unogona kumira pasina kuputsa;

6, 8, 10, 12 - kurema, δ,% - plasticity index (iyo yakakosha kukosha, iyo yakawanda inoshandiswa kunomanikidzwa kurapwa).

Uoma uhwu hunoda kusvika 100-160 HB.

Iyi nyaya mumiganhu yayo inoshandisa nzvimbo yakapakati pakati pesimbi nesimbi-carbon gray alloy. Ductile cast iron ne ferritic base yakaderera kune pearlite maererano nekusagadzikana, kupisa uye kuneta simba, asi zvakanyanya mumagetsi ekuchengetedza, plastiki, kukanda maitiro. Pamusana payo yakaderera mutengo inowanzoshandiswa mumhizha yekutengesa zvikamu zvinoshanda pasi pezvidiki zviduku uye zvepakati: magareti, mabheji, mabhiriji emberi, zvigadzirwa zvehutsanana.

Zvigadzirwa, kuratidza uye kushandiswa kweparleriite inogona kushandiswa simbi

Pamusana pekugadziriswa kusina kukwana, yekutanga, yechipiri cementites uye ledeburite vane nguva yekupedza zvachose mu-austenite, iyo inowanikwa pa 720 ° C inoshanduka kuva perlite. Iyo yekupedzisira ndiyo inoshandiswa mumagetsi yemafuta e ferrite uye cementite yepamusoro. Muchidimbu, chikamu chebhoni chinoramba chakasungwa, chinogadzirisa chimiro, uye chikamu chayo "chakasunungurwa" muchikafu chinonzi graphite. Munyaya iyi perlite inogona kuva lamellar kana granular. Nokudaro, pearlite inogona kushandiswa simbi inoumbwa. Zvayo zvinokonzerwa nechimiro chakazara, chakaoma uye chisingaoneki.

Izvo, pakuenzanisa ne ferrite, zvine hukuru hwekushongedza, kusapfeka simba, simba rayo rakakwirira kwazvo, asi yakadzika kukanda maitiro uye plastiki. Kuteerera kwemaitiro emagetsi kunowedzera zvakanyanya, asi uchichengetedza uoma nekuoma kwechikamu chechigadzirwa.

Kuenzanisa ductile cast iron pearlite kirasi: KCh45-7, KCh50-5, KCh56-4, KCh60-3, KCh65-3, KCh70-2, KCh80-1.5.

Nhamba yekutanga ndiyo simba rakagadzirwa: 450, 500, 560, 600, 650, 700 uye 800 N / mm ^2, maererano.

Chechipiri ipurasitiki inonzi: inonzi elongation δ,% - 7, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2 uye 1.5.

Pearlitious inogona kushandiswa simbi inoshandiswa mukugadzira magetsi uye kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvezvivako zvinoshandiswa pasi pemitoro inorema, zvose zvakasimba uye zvine simba: camshafts, makona, makanda, pistons, kubatanidza tsvimbo.

Kuchenesa kupisa

Zvinhu zvakagadziriswa nekuda kwekushisa kupisa, kushandiswa, zvinogona kudzokororwa zvakare kune nzira dzekushisa zvinoshandiswa. Chinangwa chavo chikuru ndechekuwedzera kukura kwesimba, kupfeka kusagadzikana, kupikisa kurashiro nekukwegura.

1. Kushata kunoshandiswa kune zvivako zvinoda kuoma kwakanyanya uye kuoma; Inokonzerwa nekupisa kusvika 900 ° C, zvikamu zvinotonhora pamwero wepamhanho weanenge 100 ° C / s nemichina yemafuta. Kuitevera kunotevera kushatirwa kukuru nekupisa kunosvika 650 ° C uye kunotonhora mumhepo.
2. Normalization inoshandiswa pamashoko mashomanana akaoma nekupisa mukati mevheni kusvika 900 ° C, imire pachitonho ichi kwemaawa 1 kusvika ku55 uye inotonhora mumhepo. Inopa troostite granular perlite, kuoma kwayo uye kuvimbika mukupikisana uye kupfeka. Iyo inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwezvigadziriswa zvisingagadziriswi zvigadziriswa zvisikwa ne pearlite hwaro.
3. Chiremba inodzokororwa mukugadzirwa kwemhepo yekudzivirira: Kupisa - kusvika 900 ˚С, kubata kwenguva yakareba pakupisa uku, kunopisa nevira. A ferritic kana ferritic-perlite sarudzo yeiyo intifrictional incleable cast iron inopiwa.

Kuchenesa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvesimbi zvinogona kuitwa munharaunda kana nenzira yakaoma. Pamunharaunda, marefu-frequency currents kana acetylene flame anoshandiswa (kuoma). Nezvakaoma - huni dzinopisa. Nekupisa kwemahombekombe, chete iyo yakasara yakanyanyisa, asi kuoma kwayo nesimba kunowedzera, asi plastiki uye chinonzi viscosity chinoramba chiripo.

Ikozvino zvakakosha kuratidza kuti kubata nguruve simbi hakugoneki chete nekuda kwekushaya kukwana masikirwo, asiwo nekuda kwehupamhi hwehutano hwakakosha kudonhorera kwekupisa, iyo isingadzivisiki panguva yekudzima nemvura inononoka.

Antifrictional incleable cast castings

Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshanda kune zvisingatauriki uye zvisingabvumirwi, iyo ichena (ASF), kuumba (AFC) uye yakakwirira-simba (AChV). Nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwe AFC, ductile cast iron inoshandiswa, iyo inowedzerwa kana inowanikwa. Nzira dzinoitwa nechinangwa chokuwedzerwa kwemajikisi ayo uye kuumbwa kwechimiro chitsva - kupfeka kusagadzikana pane kupesana nemamwe mashoko.

Inonyorwa: АЧК-1, АЧК-2. Inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi, magasi, mabheji.

Migumisiro yezvinowedzera pazvinhu

Mukuwedzera kune iron-carbon carbon and graphite, ivo vanewo zvimwe zvigadziri muhutano hwavo, izvo zvinogadzirisawo nzvimbo yesimbi yakagadzirwa: manganese, silicium, phosphorus, sulfuri, uye zvimwe zvinyorwa.

Mangan inowedzera kupisa kweyimbi yakasvibirira, kurwiswa kwechirosi uye kupfeka kusagadzikana. Inokurudzira dambudziko uye simba rinowedzera, kusunga kabhoni nesimbi kumakemikari Fe ₃ C, kuumbwa kwegranular perlite.

Silicium inobatsirawo kuchinja kusvibiswa kweakisi yemafuta, inosimudzira kuparadzwa kwecementite uye kusunungurwa kwe graphite inclusions.

Sulfure inhengo isina kunaka asi isingadzivisiki. Iyo inoderedza mitambo uye makemikari, inokurudzira kuumbwa kwezvimedu. Zvisinei, kuwirirana kwepfungwa kwehuwandu hwehumwe nezvimwe zvikamu (somuenzaniso, pamwe nemanganese) zvinoita kuti zvibone kugadzirisa michina michina. Saka, pane Mn-S ye 0.8-1.2 perlite yakachengetwa kune chero nguva dzekushisa zvine simba. Nekuwedzera kwechiyero kusvika ku3, zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kuwana chero chimiro chakakosha zvichienderana nematsetse akaiswa.

Phosphorus inoshandura kusvibiswa kwepamusoro, inokanganisa simba, inoderedza kusuruvara uye mapurasitiki, inokanganisa nguva yekubata mifananidzo.

Chromium uye molybdenum zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kugadzira graphite flakes, mune zvimwe zviri mukati zvinobatsira pakuumbwa kwegranular perlite.

Tungsten inovandudza kupfeka kusagadzikana kana uchishanda munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzekupisa.

Aluminium, nickel, mhangura inokurudzira kugadzirisa.

Kururamisa nhamba yemakemikari anogadzira iyo iron-carbon kabiro, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwavo, zvinokwanisika kuve nechinzvimbo chekupedzisira chesimbi yakakandwa.

Kubatsira uye kusagadzikana

Ductile iron ndechimwe chinhu chakashandiswa zvikuru muunyanzvi. Maitiro aro makuru ndeaya:

• Zviratidzo zvakasimba zvekuoma, kupfeka kusagadzikana, simba, pamwe chete nekusvibiswa;
• Zviitiko zvinowanzoita simba remhepo uye ductility;
• Kugadziriswa mukurapa kwekumanikidzana, kusiyana nejeri rakasungwa;
• Zvisarudzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzirisa zvinhu kune imwe tsananguro nenzira yehutachi uye chemakemikari-kupisa mishonga;
• Low cost.

Kukanganisa kunosanganisira zvikamu zvega:

• Fragility;
• Kuvapo kwema graphite inclusions;
• Low performance in machining;
• Kukosha kwekukanda.

Pasinei ano nezvikanganiso, ductile simbi anotora vachengetwe simbi uye zvokuimba mapurani. Kubva yakabereka zvakadai mashoko anokosha sezvo crankshafts, akamedura Mapedhi zvikamu, rachulis, pistons, unobva matanda. Kuva vashoma-siyana mavanga, nomumwe niche ari indasitiri ane nzvimbo ductile simbi. Chikumbiro Its ndizvo kuti mutoro pasi iyo kushandiswa nezvimwe ungangova.