Vatungamiri vangani vari muHurumende Duma yeRussia Federation?

Nhamba yevatongi vari muHurumende Duma inotsanangurwa neRussia Constitution. Nokuvapo kwayo, uye izvi zvinopfuura makumi maviri, mutemo uyu hauna kuchinja zvikuru. Panguva imwecheteyo, nhoroondo yeparamende yeRussia yakareba kwenguva refu. Ngationei kuti vangani vatongi vari muHurumende Duma yeRussia, pamwe chete nemamwe mavara ekushanda kwemuviri uyu uye nhoroondo yaro.

Mhedzisiro yeRussia parliamentarism

Tisati taona kuti vangani vatevedzeri vari muHurumende Duma, ngatitangei munhoroondo yekubuda kweRussia parliamentarism.

Paramende yekutanga munyika yedu, iyo yainzi - State Duma, yakasimuka munguva dzeRussia Empire. Nheyo yaro yakanga yakarongeka sehurumende kuvanhu, avo vakakumbira kodzero yekutora chikamu muhurumende yenyika, izvo zvakatungamirira kushanduka kusina kupera kwe 1905. Panguva imwe chete, Emperor Nicholas II akabudisa mutemo pamusoro pokugadzwa kweHurumende Duma. Ichokwadi, zvisarudzo zvake zvakanga zvisingaregi, asi zvinongorayira chete.

Imwe munaDecember 1905 musangano wekutanga weparamende iyi yakawana. Nhamba yevatungamiri muHurumende Duma vaiva vanhu 448. Vazhinji vavo vakanga vari muzvikamu zveBumbiro reMatongerwo enyika (vanhu 153), Trudoviks (97 vanhu) uye autonomists (63 vanhu). Vatungamiri 105 vakanga vasiri mune imwe nhengo. Musangano wekutanga weDuma wekuungana uku wakadzoka munaApril 1906, asi wakashanda mazuva makumi matanhatu uye munaJuly wakagumburwa maererano nemurairo weumambo.

Duma wekuungana kwechipiri yakashanda muhafu yekutanga ye 1907. Panguva ino nhamba yose yevatongi vari muHurumende Duma vaiva vanhu 518. Iye zvino ruzhinji rwaiva neTrudoviks (mapurisa 104), nepo Cadets ine vatungamiri 98 chete. Kubviswa kwevatungamiri veHurumende Duma kwakaitwa muna June 1907, apo mutemo weparamende wakagadziriswa pasi pekufungidzira kwekufungidzira kweimwe mimwe nhengo dzayo kuedza kupinza hurumende.

Duma yeboka rechitatu yakashanda kubva muna 1907 kusvika muna 1912. Mariri, vamiririri 446 vakamiririrwa. Panguva ino huwandu hwaiva pakati pevanyori - vanhu 154.

Vatungamiri vangani muHurumende Duma yekupedzisira, yechina, musangano, iyo yakashanda kubva muna1912 kusvika muna 1917? Vatungamiri makumi mana nemakumi mana nemakumi mana vakapinda mumabasa ayo. Zvizhinji zvezvose zvaive zvakare zvakare Octobrists - 98 vanhu. Yakaparadzwa shure kweFebruary Revolution munaOctober 1917, apo sarudzo yeChishanu yeChishanu yakarongerwa . Asi humwe humwe tarisiro yeparamende yeRussia yakaramba isina kuzadzika, sezvo October Revolution ye1917 yakaitika munyika.

Kare mushure mekunge vaBolshevik vauya, simba rezvemitemo re RSFSR, uye zvakare Russian Federation, rakava Supreme Soviet. Akashandisa basa rekutonga kubva muna 1938 kusvika muna 1993.

Kuumbwa kweHurumende Duma weRussia Federation

Chikonzero chekuumbwa kwesangano reparamende idzva ndiko kuedza kwechikamu chikuru cheMukuru weDare reDare Guru rinotungamirirwa nehurukuro yake Ruslan Khasbulatov munaOctober 1993 kuti agadzirise hurumende. Kuedza kwakakundikana, asi yakashanda sechiitiko chekuparadzwa kweSupreme Council.

Mugore rimwe chete, Mutungamiri weRussia Boris Yeltsin akapa chirevo pamusoro pekuumbwa kwesangano reparamende idzva - State Duma. Kusarudzwa kune Duma kwakaitwa kunze kweDecember 1993.

Mabasa ehurumende Duma

Iye zvino ngatitsvakei kuti mabasa emapurisa ehurumende Duma ndeapi.

Hurumende Duma ndiyo nhengo yepamusoro yepamutemo muRussia. Iko ndiko kuti, basa guru revatungamiri ndiyo nzira yepamutemo. Iri sangano reparamende rine nzvimbo yekamuri yezasi ye Federal Assembly, iyo imba yepamusoro iyo iyo Federation Federation.

Kodzero nemabasa emajeri eparamende zvinotaurwa muMutemo weChiitiko cheNhengo yeHurumende Duma. Semuenzaniso, mutemo uyu unopa hutachiona hwemaParamende, pamwe chete nedzimwe dzimwe ropafadzo dzevanhu vanomiririra.

Nguva yekushanda kwevatongi

Pakutanga, panguva yekutsvaga nguva pfupi mushure mekugadzwa kweHurumende Duma, vatevedzeri vekutanga musangano vakagamuchira simba ravo rose kwemakore maviri. Asi ikozvino kubva kumusangano unotevera wakarongedzwa kuwedzerwa iyi izwi kusvikira makore mana. Saka zvakaitwa, naizvozvo kubva muna 1995 kusvika muna 2011 vatevedzeri kubva kumusangano wechipiri kusvika wechishanu vakagamuchira simba kwemakore mana.

Asi kubva muna 2011, izwi remutevedzeri wehurumende rakawedzerwa kusvika makore mashanu. Yakanga iri panguva iyi iyo vatevedzeri vekuungana kwechitanhatu vakapiwa mukana wekuita mabasa avo. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuchengetedza mari yebhajeti yekuita sarudzo.

Sarudzo dzinotevera kune vatungamiri venyika yeDuma dzakarongerwa muna Svondo 2016.

Election Mechanism

Ndeipi sarudzo yekusarudzwa kwevatongi veHurumende Duma? Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, kana kusarudzwa kwevatungamiri kwepamakore kwakapera makore ose mana, ikozvino inobatwa makore ose mashanu.

MuRussia kune mimwe mitambo yakasanganiswa. Izvozvo, hafu yevatevedzeri vanosarudzwa musarudzo imwe chete-gwaro rezvigaro, uye imwe hafu yeboka remapoka. Saka, munyaya yekutanga, vhoti vanovhota munhu chaiye uyo, kana akakunda munharaunda, anova dhigirii, uye muchiitiko chechipiri - chepati. Iyi ndiyo nzira inowedzera zvido zvezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, uyewo kusarudzwa kwevasarudzo vevhoti.

Nhamba yevatevedzeri

Iye zvino ngationei kuti vangani vatevedzeri vari muHurumende Duma. Mutemo weRussia unopa mhinduro yakajeka kumubvunzo uyu, unotsanangura hukuru hweparamende.

Parizvino pane vatevedzeri makumi mana muHurumende Duma. Panguva imwecheteyo, nhamba iyi haina kuchinja kubva pakuumbwa kwemuviri weparamende muna 1993.

Kuumbwa kweHurumende Duma

Takadzidza kuti vatungamiri vangani varipo muHurumende Duma. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakakosha zvakaenzana kuziva kuti masimba panguva ino anomiririra zvinodiwa nevanhu. Nyaya yakazara yevamiriri veHurumende Duma nokuda kwevanhu 450 kubva pamusana pokukurira kwayo haichazobudiswi pano, asi isu tinokwanisa kudzidza chimiro cheparamende shure kwekudzidza nhamba yevamiririri kubva kumapoka mairi.

Panguva ino, vazhinji vavo vari vatungamiri veDuma vanobva muhurumende yehurumende ye "pro-Russia" - 238 vanhu. Zvadaro zvinoteverwa nevatungamiri vanobva kuCommunist Party - vanhu 92. Kuvatevera ndevamiririri vesangano rokuti "Fair Russia" - 64 vanhu. Idiki muparamende yevatungamiri veLDPR ndeyevanhu 56. Iyi nhamba yevamiririri inonzi yakarurama zvakakwana nekudiwa kwekumiridzirwa kwezvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zveRussia, uyewo zvematongerwe enyika.

Sangano reParamende

Zvino ngatitsvakei kuti State Duma yakagadzirwa sei uye sangano raro remukati nderei. Mushure mezvose, vatevedzeri makumi mana vachiri nhamba yakawanda yevanhu, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo, kunze kwebasa guru rekuita mitemo, anofanira kuita mamwe mabasa muparamende.

Pachikamu chechikamu chevatungamiri, tataura zvakanyanya pamusoro. Mumwe chete anongotaura kuti mapoka eboka ndiwo mapoka ehurumende akabatanidzwa nechinangwa chenguva yakareba uye chiratidzo chinowanzoenderana nekufambira mberi kwenyika. Kazhinji kazhinji masangano akaumbwa pamapato ega kana akasikwa kubva kubatana kwemasangano akawanda.

Munhu wekutanga muHurumende Duma ndiye sachigaro. Mabasa ake anosanganisira kutungamirira basa reparamende panguva yekuita basa, pamwe nekuiisa muhukama nemamwe masimba ehurumende, pamwe nemamwe masimba eparamende kunze. Sachigaro weHurumende Duma anosarudzwa nevatungamiri nekuvhota pakavanda, kazhinji pamusangano wekutanga wekuungana. Mukuwedzera, dare rekutanga nevatungamiri vanosarudzwa. Basa ravo rinosanganisira kubatsira sachigaro mukufambisa kwechikamu, pamwezve, dhigirii wekutanga anofanira kumutsiva, kana pasina kana chikonzero chipi nechipi. Panguva ino, sachigaro weHurumende Duma nhengo yehurumende yehurumende ye "United-United States" Sergei Naryshkin.

Basa guru rezvigadziro zveHurumende Duma nderekusimbisa kushanda zvakanaka kweparamende yeRussia. Mutumbi uyu unosungirwa kutarisa zvinhu, teknolojia, ruzivo, mari uye sangano rutsigiro rwemabasa evatungamiri. Mutungamiri wezvivako izvi ndiye musoro wezvigadzirwa zveHurumende Duma. Panguva ino, iyi nhume inotorwa naJahan Rejepovna Pollyeva.

Hurumende Duma makomiti anoshanda mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzebumbiro remitemo. Zvinowanikwa nevatungamiri, vakarongerwa mumapoka ezvikamu zvikamu zvega, kazhinji maererano nekota yepato. Pari zvino, matare makuru ndeaya:

• Pamutemo wepamutemo;
• Pane bhajeti;
• Panobata nehutano hwevanhu;
• Pamusoro pehupfumi;
• Pamusoro pezvinhu zvepfuma;
• On energy;
• Pamushambadziro;
• Pamusoro pokudzivirira utano;
• Nedzidzo.

Mukuwedzera, kune dzimwe nhengo dzemamwe makomiti. Zvikwereti zvakananga zvirikudziridzwa uye zvinokurukurwa muzvikamu zvezvematongerwo enyika eparamende, maererano nehutungamiri hwehutungamiri hwekomiti. Basa remakomiti rinotungamirirwa nevatungamiri venyika, vane vatungamiri vekutanga nevatungamiri.

Basa remakomisheni rakafanana zvikuru nebasa remakomiti. Mhedzisiro huru ndeyokuti mabasa ezvivakwa izvi zvinosanganisira kushanda kwemitemo, asi kudzora pamusoro pemhando ipi zvayo yekushanda. Dzimwe nguva, mamisheni anonyanya kuumbwa kuti aongorore kushanda kweimwe basa. Panguva ino, pane mitemo mitanhatu muparamende yeRussia:

• Kutarisa kuvimbika kweruzivo pamusoro pemari;
• Panyaya dzemitemo yeparamende;
• Accounting commission;
• Nekuvakwa kwezvivako zvemahofisi eparamende;
• Kudzora kukurudzirwa kwekambani yekudzivirira yeRussia;
• Kudzora mari yekushandisa mari kubva kubhadharo, inotarisirwa kugovera nat. Chengetedzo.

Pamusoro wega yega mutungamiri ndiye sachigaro.

Rimwe sangano remuParamende yeRussia ndiro Council of the State Duma. Ndiwo mutumbi uyu unogadzirira zvikwereti zvakananga zvekuongororwa pamusangano, uye unoronga basa reparamende panguva yekugadzirira. Iko kuti, iyo muviri unoita basa rekutanga pamabhiriro akagadzirira-kutanga usati waita kuti zviongororwe nevatungamiriri.

Dare rinotungamirirwa naSachigaro weHurumende Duma. Mukuwedzera, iyo Council inosanganisira vatevedzeri vake nevatungamiri vezvikamu zveparamende. Asi vatungamiri vemakomiti vane kodzero yekuti vhoti rezano mumuviri uyu.

Izvozvi mune zvinyorwa zvese ndezvakaita sangano reHurumende Duma yeRussian Federation.

Kusagadzikana kweHurumende Duma

Mikana yekuparara kweparamende inopiwa neMutemo weRussia. Iyi nzira inogona kuitwa kana Duma yakaramba katatu ivo vakagadzirirwa vakarongerwa nemutungamiri wenzvimbo yekusiyirwa sachigaro wehurumende kana katatu iyo inoratidza kusavimba. Munyaya iyi, mukuru wehurumende anogona kushandisa kodzero yake yepamutemo yekuputsa paramende. Asi kusvika ikozvino, munhoroondo itsva yeRussia, nzira iyi yekuparadzwa kweHurumende Duma haina kushandiswa. Kuparara kwemuviri weparamende chete kwakaitwa muna 1993 pasi peMutungamiri Boris Yeltsin. Asi zvakare yakanga ichiri kudanwa kuti Supreme Soviet, kureva kuti, yakanga isati yatanga Duma.

Mukuwedzera, kazhinji kacho kubviswa kwevatongi veHurumende Duma kwakaitwa pane mumwe munhu. Munyaya iyi, paramende pachayo inosarudza pamusoro pokubviswa kwevanhu vayo. Somuenzaniso, maererano nemitemo iyi, nhengo yeIndonesia yeIrasia, Ilya Ponomarev, yakabviswa kuHurumende Duma.

Kukosha kweparamende

Zvinorehwa neHurumende Duma muRussia zvakaoma kufungidzira. Pashure pezvose, izvi chaizvoizvo muviri we simba rehurumende kuburikidza nazvo, kuburikidza nesangano rekusarudzwa, vagari vanoita kodzero yavo yepamutemo yekutonga nyika. Basa rayo rinosanganisira kubvumidzwa kwezviito zvepamutemo, pamwe nekushandiswa kwemabasa akawanda ekuongorora, uye mamwe mabasa. Izvi zvinoreva, mune mamwe mazwi, inobva kuHurumende Duma kuti kugamuchirwa kwemitemo yakadaro munyika inoenderana.

Nhamba iripo yevamiririri muparamende isayenzi yakaruramisirwa nenhamba inotarisirwa yevatumi vanobva kumativi ose eRussia nemapoka ezvematongerwo enyika akasiyana-siyana kuitira kuti vafunge nezvekuda kwevanhu vose venyika. Ndicho chikonzero chakagadziriswa kumira pamusana wevane mazana makumi mana.

Zvechokwadi, sechirongwa chero chipi nechipi chemasimba, paramende yehurumende haisi yakanakisisa. Panguva imwecheteyo, inofanira kuonekwa kuti imwe sangano rinotungamirira rinoshandiswa, iyo iyo yose iyo huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, kuva nehukama hwehumwe hurumende, inogona kukanganisa hurumende yehurumende, haisati yakagadzirwa munyika. Mukuwedzera, kuvapo kwematare akawanda emhurumende, kusanganisira rimwe dare rezvemitemo rakasiyana rinoita kuburikidza neparamende, rinoita kuti zvikwanise kutonga mamwe matavi ehurumende (executive and judicial) uye kudzivirira kutorwa kwehurumende kune mumwe wavo kana mutungamiri.