Kururama uye siyana naro remoto "Grad". Volley "Grad": iri nharaunda nokuparadzwa, TTX, anoshongwa

Mumwe zviratidzo yokurwisana emo, pashure muchiedza munzvimbo dzakawanda kuparara Soviet Union, aimbova chikamu chayo, raiva kugadzwa "Grad". Photos of chombo uye atirari enyika, dzakabudiswa mumapepanhau uye mumapeji Indaneti mabhuku, kazhinji kupa uchapupu Russian muchiuto pamberi, kana tiri yokufananidzira mifananidzo kunotyisa kurwa. Chero zvazvingava, kana uri kushandisa BM-21, zvakanaka zvakakwana. Kubudirira ichi chombo chaizvo.

"Katyusha" uye NWB kukura

In nyika yedu salvo kuisa akaonekwa kwokutanga kupfuura vamwe nyika. Jet Research Institute akaita patented munhu multilateral hurongwa launcher, kupfura zvombo, muna 1938. Kubvira ipapo, basa iri Kusimudzira MRL akanga akatakurwa ari USSR dzinenge dzose, zvatinogamuchira chaiyo chiitiko Great Patriotic War. "Katyusha" - the kunozivikanwa Guards mumaturi - vachirwa yeimwe regimental echelon, asi urovanise simba ravo inogona kuenzaniswa mapoka. Volley musimboti, mukusiyana kuti zvombo chete-vachiridzira, atora midzi muchiuto nokuda kwechikonzero nyore chaizvo. Kubvira mukupera thirties mid-mashanu zvitundumuseremusere vakanga zvikurukuru unmanaged, akamunzwira kwakajairika ballistic trajectory uye kururama kurova akaderera atirari zvombo. Kushomeka mafuta hudiki zvakaenzana kupomba nokufamba zvaitika, zvichiguma guru akapararira tsika. Neutralize chinetso ichi kugona chete kushandiswa hombe kuti, semubairo yakarova nzvimbo nezvose zviri pamusoro pavo panguva iyoyo aiva. The Second World War yakanga dzinoratidzwa kwemotokari pamusoro yakawanda manpower uye michina. Inobva ruzivo runowanikwa kubva 1939 kusvika 1945, yakanga akagadzira pfungwa vakawanda kanda chitundumuseremusere gadziriro anogadzirwa zvadaro muna USSR. Achirova mashoko wake vakava BM (vachirwa motokari), kuva malovyrazitelnoe indekisi kuti "21", zviri wakaiswa kuti "Grad". Kurwisa siyana kwava yakakura, zvichienzaniswa "Katyusha", firepower yakawedzera kakawanda.

yapfuura maitiro

Mukupera thirties pfungwa salvo nokurwisa zvitundumuseremusere, uyewo kazhinji kuti chitundumuseremusere michina, Soviet uto hutungamiri kubatwa vamwe kunyumwira. Rinoitei yekushandisa mauto Rumhangapanga pamwe nechivimbo nekusimba siyana zvombo. Zvisinei, iyi zhinji itsva mhando zvombo akakwanisa kuputsa nemishonga, uye nokukurumidza pashure German kurwisa pamapoka "Katyusha" akatora kuna vachiridzira munzvimbo, zvichiita panhengo vavengi kuvhiringidzika uye kutya. Anobudirira kushanda NWB mukurwa muEurope uye tobva Asia (pamusoro Kwantung muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano wechiJapanese mauto) Pakupedzisira akasimbisa paitonga Stalin kutungamira kufunga pamusoro desirability pamusoro pakuzadzisa munda uyu rechiuto rwokugadzira. In yokutanga yezana 50s mienzaniso itsva yakagadzirwa uye vakagamuchira. BM-14 MS 140 mm caliber uye nharaunda huru aigona rova ane gumi neeSultan. BM-24 bara kunyange mberi, kusvika 16 800 m. Zvaiita kuti zvimwe chakakwana kusika munhu wakawoma, kunyanya tichifunga kuti atirari rwevanhu bazi nani kuchinja ane unyanzvi chawo, hakutsamiri mberi mune zvesayenzi, zvakadai avhiyesheni kana nezvikepe. Pfuti uye howitzers zvinoshandiswa kwemakumi emakore asina kuwana STRUCTURAL kuchinja, uye haina kushamisa munhu. Kunyange zvakadaro, mune maonero akagadzira huru AN Gonicheva, unokwanisa achiri kuita zvakawanda. In May 1960 ndiye akagamuchira basa rinokosha hurumende. TTX gadza "Grad", pakusikwa raakanga akanzi, taifanira yekudyidzana kusapfuudza parameters of BM-14 uye BM-24, vakanga vatova mubasa.

Mabasa uye sungano

Hapana echimurenga itsva akaitwa pakutanga haana kuronga kushandisa. The huripo kuti kazhinji raumbwa. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti projectile ndiyo yakasimba mafuta, ari zvinosiyana vakawanda pokushandisa mauto uye zvaidiwa okuchengetera zvinhu zviri dzokuchengetera uye pamberi mutsetse panyaya reuto kunetsana. Weapon Akarurama gadza "Grad" yaigona nani nokushandisa tubular njanji zvikuru zvakasimba raanotaura kubudikidza Vector kufamba munguva kutanga-uye kutanga kutiza. The torque tigovane achishandisa projectile pamwe chete kuitira kuderedza kupararira kunoitika kwete chete nemhaka stabilizers dzinongoda panguva necheparutivi kuti mutsara kutiza, asi nokuda chinokosha richitungamirira-grooves, akagura ari mudende, sokunyorwa rakatangwa muna atirari pfuti. Nevamwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kupfura parameters, uye tinofanira kurwa, kwete chete hondo musoro akagadzira sangano, asiwo subcontractors. PU akasika SKB-203, huni masero vakabvuma SRI № 6 uye warheads kunge nekukudziridza GSKB-47. The zita "mailbox", uye nhasi vashoma vanhu pamusoro chinhu akati, uye ipapo, muna 1960, uye zvakatonyanya kudaro. chombo All akasikwa pakavanda, kusanganisira kugadzwa "Grad". Photo prototypes vakanga inochengetwa anokosha folders pakuomerera magora. vashandi vose vaibatanidzwa pakusikwa NWB idzva, akapa unoenderana chipeto nondisclosure chibvumirano. Kwemakore, hapana vashandi yokuzvidzivirira emakambani vasingagoni kufamba kunze, kunyange mugovanisi munyika.

bvunzo

Pakupera 1961 akanga agadzirira kuedza yokutanga pre-kuisa volley moto "Grad", ipapo mumwe. Main Chombo uye atirari Directorate of Soviet Army muchirimo yakabikwa landfill nharaunda (Leningrad nharaunda) kuti vakaronga kanda 650 zvitundumuseremusere uye vakaramba kumhanya bvunzo nzira kureba 10,000 makiromita. Hazvizivikanwi kana mhosva yave akakurumidza, asi yose Range chassis akaputsa, akakwanisa kupfuura 3300 chete km pashure izvo wakaputsika puranga. The chassis aifanira kutsiviwa, asi sezvo zvikazooneka, dambudziko haana asingashumbi, asi vakanga systemic. Nokupesvedzera guru mitoro akabvuma maviri mabhiriji uye vainyeperwa driveshaft. Zvisinei, matambudziko aya hazvikutadzisi kugamuchirwa nevoruzhinji. The bvunzo mamiriro, kunyanya kumhanya kure waradzikwa. Gadza "Grad" kubvira 1964 akatanga kusvika muzvikamu zvechiuto.

zvigunwe mashandiro

Chokwadi, kukosha ino volley moto vaiva dzemitambo, kwakaitika bvunzo vachiridzira, pane kutyaira unongotaura. Kubva Moscow kuna Vladivostok, kuti NWB pasi simba yayo kudzinga hapana aienda kununura, pane dzimwe nzira, uye dambudziko isina run anodarika zviuru zvitatu makiromita akataura kunonyatsopupurira pamusoro izvo chassis, zvarwo, vakaitwa kwete zvakaipa, kunyange, uye vanoda mune dzimwe amplification. The chikuru chairema muchina ndiwo warhead zvinosanganisira mana (10 nhamba), mutungamiriri sepombi, 3 mita refu uye neboka munyika dhayamita pamusoro 122,4 mm. Vachiridzira Range marongero "Grad" kunoenderana zvinodiwa hunde chikwata hama kuti chinjikira ndege, pakona iyo kunorondedzerwa zano kusimuka. raiva pedyo nebundu iri riri pakati nechigadziko wayo nheyo iri zvokuimba gearbox kuitika zviviri kinematic nomwe: a giya mugodhi uye giya vhiri rekufambisa uye honye giya, vachishandisa iyo anosika zvaaida pakakwirira. Anosundwa kutungamirirwa mashandiro kuburikidza actuator kana manually.

kugadzira zvakagadzirwa

TTX Fitting "Grad" kufanana hunhu zvombo nawo muchadya zvakananga.

Mukuru nhare nokuda MB-akaronga 21 kumusoro-putika chombo 9M22. Kugadzirwa Its akapiwa kuti chirimwa nhamba 176, izvo 1964 yaizobudisa zviuru 10 zvidimbu. Zvisinei, kubasa, kambani akatadza, matambudziko isingatarisirwi uye matambudziko nezvinoitika. Panguva yokutanga kota chirimwa akakwanisa kusunungura 650 zvombo uye 350 warheads kwavari. Kupembedza kutyorwa nepurogiramu aigona kushumira somukuru utsanzi chinoda nguva ezvidzidzo, asi kuwedzera michina mune ramangwana. Panguva kuomerera pane General Mugadziri Alexander Ganicheva wakatangwa nzira mukugadzira housings hwakarongwa Hood jira simbi, akafanana anoshandiswa kugadzirwa atirari anoshongwa. Pakuvamba, mumwe chitundumuseremusere richivezwa kupinda TOUR machine psac kubva hwakasimba billets, izvo zvakazoita kuti yakakwirira kudyiwa simbi uye kufanira basa mari. Chimwe itsva kusvika rave richishandiswa iri nzira fastening ari Kumbofungatira projectile stabilizers iyo muchadya kuisa "Grad". 9M22 Kurwisa Range riri zvishoma kupfuura 20 km. Kushomeka daro havasi Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri tichitaura zvakarurama. Kuwedzera zvikuru pfungwa kufadza. Kutaura zvazviri, shoma vachiridzira siyana zvivako "Grad", akaisa muna 5 km, pane zvinodiwa, moto zvinokwanisika uye nharaunda makiromita rimwe nehafu, asi ane mukuru pangozi ndapota regai kupi uchida, kuti Tichitarisa simba zvombo zvinoparadza kunogona kukonzera hachifadzi chaizvo zvaitika.

"Extraction" zvemichina vanonzi. chombo pokugara chaizvoizvo kuva nyore. Vanoderedza kukosha kugadzirwa, asi kuti aiva mukuru kubudirira. siyana naro remoto "Grad" yawedzera substantially. Panguva projectile gobvu-jengachenga aigona yakarova kupfura.

chitundumuseremusere kanda

Munhoroondo yokurwisana vemo Zvikamu kwakaitika apo mabhomba aiendeswa MB-21, vakanga kumhanya pabhodhi machira kuisa pamusoro zvidhina kupa achida yorusvingo. Muzviitiko izvi, Chokwadi, kurova yakarurama yaiva pasi. Ebetsero zvinoreva zvinogona kutsiviwa ne chirimwa "Grad". Photos of Middle Eastern magandanga munongotsvaka kukuvadza mumwe bato uchishandisa kugadzirwa mano akagadzirirwa zvikurukuru kupa mupfungwa kumanikidzwa.

9M22 chombo anoyera 66 makirogiramu ane kureba 2870 mm. Kurwisa mupanda ane uremu 18.4 makirogiramu uye rine 6.4 makirogiramu pamusoro TNT. Kutanga kunoitika apo yemagetsi kupomba kuvesa fiyuzi. Yakasimba mafuta rinoumbwa zvidimbu zviviri zvachose kurema 20.4 makirogiramu. Kukoromora musoro fiyuzi rinopa MRI (MRI-U), rinova cocked rwoga pashure achinyora ari chitundumuseremusere pa 200-400 mamita. Bharero projectile mashizha, vane mwero 50 m / c, uye ipapo Inowedzera kuti 700 m / s. Vachiridzira Range marongero "Grad" inogona artificially zvakawanda pachishandiswa ikavhuna zvindori (makuru kana madiki). Muna 1963, NII-147 nyanzvi ndakasika kusabatana projectile namakemikari musiyano wezvinyorwa, akasarudzwa "Lake" (9M23), iro rine chete kuita zvatariswa sezvo 9M22.

Ndisina 9M22 uye "Leica"

Miedzo vakaratidza sei simba chombo ndiko kugadzwa "Grad". Lesion nzvimbo venguva salvo pamusoro 1,050 ba. M kana kutemwa manpower, uye 840 sq. M nokuti warrior motokari.

Pakuzadzisa ari Hardware of projectile fuze akabata. "Lake" inogona vakagadzirira navo embodiments maviri (zvemaziso uye radar). Chero mukuru putika ordnance anova zvikuru inoshanda kana voitakura kunze kukoromora optimum urefu, kusanganisira projectile muchadya gadza "Grad". Lesion nzvimbo nezvimedu uye zvine chepfu pamusoro mharuro mamita 30 kubva pasi inowedzera hasha Zvisinei, kushandiswa radar fuze kunoderedza kufadza siyana pa 1600 mamita.

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana zvombo kuti "Castle"

Munguva okuwana BM-21 vaishanda nguva kuvandudza yaivapo nokusika zvombo zvitsva (chaiwo). Vanogona mhosva chero setup "Grad". 3M16 kukaseti anoshongwa vane musoro mugove 9M42 chiedza mukati nharaunda miniti imwe hafu 500. mukati kubva zuva kupenya 9M28K anoparadzira landmines (3 neimwe), kuzvicheka-liquidating kwemaawa 16-24. RS 9M519 kusika kutsigira omunharaunda chipingaidzo.

BM-21 kunyanya anoshandisa nyore unguided munitions, asi kunongova chaizvo zvombo, akadai 9M217 akashongedzerwa mudziyo samopritselivaniya uye tinofanira kugara nokuchengeta kuzorwa matangi.

Created uye utsi-kakawanda Miganhu, ikawanda zvombo vanokwanisa, uye vazhinji zvimwe zvisingafadzi zvinoshamisa nokuti muvengi, izvo angachajwa kugadzwa "Grad". The nharaunda rokuparadzwa kuri kuva simba hwakaipa zvikuru kunowedzera, kururama kuri nani.

Upgraded BM-21

Saka akakwana uye yakavimbika ezvinhu rinoshandiswa nemauto vakawanda munyika, uye vakagamuchira yezvisikwa kuziva kuti vakasununguka nazvo uye rakavimbika, pasinei runoshamisa zera, inogona kushandiswa kwenguva refu. Nguva nenguva zvachiri vawedzerwe nokuda achangopfuura rwokugadzira zvinhu, kazhinji informational.

Muna 1998 iye akabata rakadzika mazuvaano pamusoro chirimwa "Grad" zvakaratidzwa Orenburg. Photos uye vhidhiyo muchina uyu, nguva ino haisi achihwanda kuruzhinji uye vave rakabudiswa ose kutungamirira nhau mashoko enhema. Kusiyana anokosha womuenzaniso pamberi moto kudzora yemapurisa, rinonzi "Skit-B2", akasikwa pachishandiswa kombiyuta mukuru-nokukurumidza "Baget-41." The maumbirwo anosanganisirawo moto kudzora gadziriro meteosystems, kufamba determinant Newest encoded kukurukurirana midziyo kushanda iri otomatiki date Exchange muoti. Sighting Range setup "Grad" vachiridzira kaviri (40 km). Kuvandudzwa waivako uye ballistic zvombo, pamwe stabilizers matsva kunangiswa zvikuru akakwana. itsva mafuta muvhenganiswa ari mubishi okukura.

Panguva oparesheni kuziva itsva nzira modernize, kuti kuderedza nguva vachizvitakudza uye mamwe mabasa maitiro "Grad". Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura ikoko zvinoumba zvokuvakisa, kushandiswa zvinogona kuwedzera mwero namano michina kuti radar uye kuti zviite kuvakwa. Ungangove, munguva yemberi iri pedyo kugadzwa volley moto "Grad", panzvimbo tubular emiti kubudisa polymer-nguva zvihwitsi kamwechete kuti dai kuderedza recharge nguva maminitsi 5.

SZU modernized pamwe achangobuda hurongwa "Prima" munguva yemberi iri pedyo achagamuchira Russian Armed Forces. Pane nzira kuti kuisa kwete chete pane motokari platforms, asiwo vamwe zvikepe. Salvo kuisa "Grad" ringashandiswawo sedziviriro Kufananidzira pamahombekombe zvigadziko.