Icon "The Last Judgment": zvinoreva. Icon of the Last Judgment: tsanangudzo

Chiratidzo chekupedzisira Chirongwa chakakosha zvikuru uye chinokosha muOrthodoxy. Inoratidzira zviitiko zvichaitika shure kwekuuya kwechipiri kwaJesu Kristu. Zvinotendwa kuti ipapo munhu mumwe nomumwe achaonekwa pamberi pemutongi, uye mumwe nomumwe achagamuchira zvaanoita uye zvakakodzera.

Kuonekwa kwechirongwa chemufananidzo uye mifananidzo yekutanga

Chii chinogona kutaurwa nezvakabva munyaya iyi muchiKristu? Zvinotendwa kuti kwekutanga kokutanga zvinyorwa izvi zvakatanga kuoneka pamadziro eTemberi muByzantine Empire kusvika pa-iconoclastic period. Dzinodzoka shure kwezana remakore rechina. Mifananidzo yekutanga yakarondedzera mufananidzo wemhandara gumi, pamwe nekuparadzanisa kwembudzi nemakwai (vatadzi uye vakarurama). Nenguva yezana remakore rechisere muByzantium yakaumbwa chifananidzo, icho chakazobva chava chechigoni. Saka chiratidzo chekupedzisira Chirongwa chakaonekwa.

MuRussia, mifananidzo iyi yakanga iripo kubva pakutanga kwekubhabhatidzwa uye yaiva nechinonyanya kukosha kune veOrthodox.

Chii chakakonzera kuonekwa kwechirongwa

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, chirongwa chekupedzisira kwekutonga kwakatorwa kubva kuEvhangeri uye Apocalypse, uye kubva kune mamwe mabhuku ekare eByzantium uye Rus, akadai se: Shoko raPalladius Mnich, Shoko raEfuremu muSiriya, Upenyu hwaBasil muNew, nezvimwe Zvakazarurirwa naJohan Theology .

Imwe yezvinyorwa zvinokosha apo chiratidzo chekupedzisira Chirongwa chakanga chakanyorwa chaiva kuratidzwa kwemuporofita Dhanieri. Zviratidzo zvake zvinowanzoonekwa zvakakosha muOrthodoxy, sezvinotsanangurwa mubhuku rinoenderana nemuporofita. Zvimwe zvemashoko kubva pazviri zvakatorwa kuti nyaya yerugwaro rwekupedzisira rekutongwa, ihwo avo vakataura nezvekuguma kwenyika nekuuya kwaJesu.

Chirongwa chemufananidzo wekupedzisira kutonga muRussia

MuRussia, urongwa uhwu hwakatanga kurondedzerwa muzana remakore rechi12 pamadziro eEngril Monastery, iri muKiev. Pakupera kwezana remakore iroro, mifananidzo yakafanana yakaonekwa muSt. George's Cathedral, Chechi yeMuponesi weNereditsa uye Dmitrovsky Cathedral. Uye izvi hazvisi pangozi, sezvo inofungidzirwa kuti chifananidzo ichi chakakanganisa Prince Vladimir, uyo akatanga bhapatidzo yaRus. Izvi zvinotaurwa muTale ye Bygone Makore.

Chiratidzo chekutanga cheMutongo Wokupedzisira chakaratidzwa kwete nedare rega pacharo, asi zvakare nemifananidzo yeApocalypse, iyo yakazotevera yakaparadzana. Mifananidzo yekutanga yegadziriro iyi yakanga isina nguva yakajeka mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzechiratidzo, semuenzaniso, mhuka kubva pauporofita hwaDaniel. Iko chete nezana remakore reXVI-XVII, tsanangudzo yese yenyaya yacho yakatora nzvimbo yayo.

Tsanangudzo yenzvimbo yacho

Icho kunyorwa kweChirangaridzo Chakupedzisira chakanyanya kwazvo muvatambi uye zviitiko. Muzhinji, iyo chiratidzo "The Last Judgment", tsanangudzo yaro yakazara, ine mabhuku matatu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane nzvimbo yawo.

Kazhinji mune chikamu chepamusoro chechiratidzo chinouiswa mufananidzo waJesu, kumativi ose maviri ayo ari vaapositori. Vose zvavo vanotora mukana wekutongwa. Chikamu chezasi chechiratidzo chinoshandiswa nehwamanda vengirozi, vanoidza zvose.

Uyezve pasi pemufananidzo waJesu ndicho chigaro (Emosiya). Iyi ndiyo chigaro chekutonga, chinogona kuiswa pfumo, cane, sponge, vhangeri. Ichi chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mune izvi zvakagadzirirwa, izvo zvinozobva zvava chiratidzo chezvimiririra.

Chikamu chezasi chechifananidzo chinotsanangura pamusoro pezvichaitika kune vakarurama nevatadzi vanozopfuura Kutonga Kwekupedzisira kwaMwari. Chiratidzo pano chakakamurwa. Kune kurudyi rwaKristu unogona kuona vakarurama vanoenda kuParadhiso, pamwe naamai vaMwari, vatumwa uye Bindu reEdeni. Kuruboshwe, Kristu anoratidza gehena, vatadzi uye madhimoni, uye Satani.

Izvozvi zvikamu zviviri zvechiratidzo mugadziriro yakagadzikana inogona kuparadzaniswa nerwizi rune moto kana nyoka. Iyo yekupedzisira inoratidzwa nemuviri unoputika kuburikidza neikoni yose, uye muswe waro unoderedzwa mugehena. Rings yenyoka inowanzoidzwa nezita rematambudziko (ufeve, kudhakwa, nezvimwewo).

Tsanangudzo yegadziriro

Chiratidzo chekupedzisira kwekutonga, kududzirwa kwacho kunogona kuonekwa sekanaka kune mumwe munhu, kune zvarinoreva kune vatendi. Maererano neurongwa hwaMwari, mabasa evanhu vose vakamborarama pasi pano vachadzorerwa zvakare paKutongwa Kwekupedzisira, iyo ichatungamirirwa naJesu Kristu, mwanakomana waMwari. Izvi zvichaitika nenguva yekuuya kwake kwechipiri.

Mushure mekuedzwa, munhu achava nenzira yakananga kugehena kana kuparadhiso, maererano nezviito zvake. Zvinotendwa kuti iyi ndiyo nguva inokosha mukuvandudzwa kwenyika, mweya unogona nokusingaperi kushamwaridzana naMwari kana nokusingaperi kuenda kuna dhiyabhorosi. Zvisinei, chinangwa chekugadzirwa hachisi chokutyisidzira munhu, asi kuti afunge nezvemabasa ake akaitwa nezvivi. Uyewo, usaora mwoyo uye urege kurasikirwa netariro, iwe unongoda kutendeuka uye utange kuchinja.

Mifananidzo yekare yekutonga kwekupedzisira, yakasara kusvikira nhasi

Kusvikira ikozvino, mifananidzo yakawanda yekare yakapona, iyo yakasara semufananidzo mumatemberi. Somuenzaniso, muTesaronike muchechi yePanagia Halkeon mufananidzo unotangira kubva muna 1028, paSinai, muimba yevatariri veSt. Catherine, zvifananidzo zviviri zvekupedzisira kutongwa zvakachengetedzwa. Uyewo muLondon, kuVictoria neAlbert Museum, kune pamba yehwamanda nemufananidzo uyu, muVenice muchechi yeTorcello a mosaic uye ino musoro unogadzirwa.

Kunewo mifananidzo yekare muRussia. Somuenzaniso, muMoscow Kremlin yeAassumption Cathedral pane yekutanga yekutanga "The Last Judgment" (Mufananidzo unoratidzwa pasi apa). Uyewo, mifananidzo yakadaro inogona kuwanikwa mune dzimwe machechi (avo vaitaura pamusoro).

Mashoko evatsvene pamusoro pekupedzisira Kutongwa

Nezvekupedzisira Kutonga kukuru kunotaurwa zvose muMagwaro uye mumashoko evatsvene. Vanhu vazhinji vakachengeta chifananidzo ichi pamberi pameso kuti vaone migumisiro yezvitadzo nekuregererwa kwemweya.

St. Theophanes the Recluse akataura nezvekugadzirira kusingagumi kwekuuya kweChipiri kwaShe, kwete kufunga pamusoro paizoitika. Akatenda kuti izvi zvaizoitika zvisingaitiki, asi apo-hazvisi kuzivikanwa.

St. John aidavirawo kuti pakanga pasina chinhu chaifanira kuudzwa kana zuva rekupedzisira raizoitika, asi paiva nemanzwiro anotyisa okupedzisira. Izvi zvinetso zvakasiyana-siyana uye kuparadzwa, hondo uye nzara. Murume iyeye achachinja, akanganwa mitemo yaMwari. Panguva ino, zvitadzo nezvakaipa zvinowedzera.

Saka, vese madzitateguru matsvene vaiona zvakakosha kuyeuka kuuya kwechipiri uye Kutonga Kwekupedzisira. Chiratidzo nechifananidzo ichi chinoratidzwa chakabatsirwa mune izvi, nokuti kukanganisa kwaro kwakanyorwa nenzira yekuona zvinhu zvose zvakajeka uye zvakadzama (kufara kwekudenga kwevakarurama uye vasina kutambudzika kwevatadzi).

The Judgment Last in Paintings of Artists

Saka, zviri pachena, kuvaKristu vanotenda chinhu chakakosha zvikuru, izvo zvinoratidzira Kutongwa Kwekupedzisira. Icho chiratidzo uye kupora pamadziro etemberi haisi iyo chete iyo musoro uyu wakaratidzwa. Yaiva uye yakakurumbira zvikuru nevanyori. Iyi inyaya yakajeka yakajeka, iyo yakawana nzvimbo yayo mukupenda.

Somuenzaniso, Michelangelo ane fresco yakaitwa panyaya iyi. Ari muSistine Chapel. Kunyangwe zvaiva mutemo wepapa, asi mufananidzo wacho akazviuraya nenzira yake. Iyo inoratidzira miviri yakashama, yakatsanangura zvakajeka maitiro evanhu. Izvi gare gare zvakatungamirira kumakakatanwa.

Uyewo mukurumbira unozivikanwa ndeye hutatu hweHieronymus Bosch. Uyu mufananidzo wakasimba kwazvo, uyo nenzira imwe neimwe unobata anotarisa. Zvinotendwa kuti hakuna munhu, kunze kweBoch, akazogonesa kuratidza chimwe chinhu icho hapana wevapenyu asina kuzviona. Chirongwa chiri mumufananidzo chakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu. Pakati nepakati mufananidzo wedare pachako, kuruboshwe iparadhiso, uye kurudyi ihero. Chinyorwa chimwe nechimwe chaicho chaizvo.

Zvechokwadi, ava havasi vose vatenzi vebhashiro avo vakashandisa nyaya yeBhaibheri yeKutongwa Kwekupedzisira mumifananidzo yavo. Vakawanda kwazvo vakafuridzirwa nehurukuro dzepocalyptic, mushure mezvo vakaedza kuumba maonero avo ezvo. Haasi vose vanoteerera nguva dzebhaibheri, vachiratidza mafungiro avo. Nokudaro, kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kwekutonga kwekupedzisira kwakaonekwa, izvo zvakanga zviri kure nemakona.

Mufananidzo weVasnetsov's brush

Victor Vasnetsov kamwe akasika mifananidzo yakawanda pamitambo yechitendero. Mumwe wavo akanga ari Fresco weKutongwa Kwekupedzisira kuSt. Vladimir's Cathedral muKiev, uyewo muSt. George's Cathedral.

Icon of the Last Judgment Vasnetsov muKieath Cathedral yakatanga kutanga. Mukunyora, munyori haana kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvekare izvo, saka chifananidzo chinotarisa chitendero, kunyange chichivakwa pamheyo yezvinyorwa zvebhaibheri uye zvechibvumirano. Pakati pezvakagadzirwa ndirozi, iyo inobata zvikero muruoko rwake. Kune rumwe rutivi rwaari vatadzi uye moto wehero, umo ivo, chaizvoizvo, vanowa. Kune rumwe rutivi ndiko kunyengetera kwakarurama.

Sezvaunogona kuona mumufananidzo, pakati pevatadzi vapfumi, madzimambo, vanhu veimba yezvokunamata. Munyori aida kuratidza izvi, kuti pamberi paMwari vose vakaenzana munguva yezvokwadi. Kune vanhu vose ipapo pachava nekusarudzo kwakanaka panguva yekupedzisira. Pamusoro pechifananidzo ndiIshe pachake, uyo anobata Evhangeri uye muchinjikwa. Pamberi pake ndiamai vaMwari uye Johane mubhapatidzi.

Yechipiri yakanga yakavezwa yeTest George's Cathedral. Nzvimbo yake yakaramba isingashanduki uye, maererano nevakawanda, avo vakaona mufananidzo wekutanga, vakagadzira pfungwa inoshamisa. Yaiva mufananidzo uyu wakanga une nhoroondo yakaoma munguva dzeSoviet Union. Pakusara kwekuvapo kwake, chifananidzo chacho chakanga chisingazogadziriswa uye chakadzokera kunzvimbo yekare.

Mufananidzo webrashi yaRublev

Rimwe basa rakakurumbira reMutongo Wokupedzisira raiva mufananidzo waRublev, uyo unoratidzwa muMoscow Assumption Cathedral. Paiva nezvakawanda zvemavara ake, kuwedzera kune izvi. Zvakawanda zvakaitwa pamwe naDaniel Black. Mune zvimwe zvinyorwa, munyori wacho akabva pamitambo, kunyanya apo chiratidzo chekupedzisira Chirongwa chakanyorwa. Rublev akaratidza vanhu ivavo vakauya kumatare, kwete kutambura zvachose, asi vachitarisira ngoni.

Nenzira, mhando dzose dze fresco dzakanyanyisa mune zvemweya uye dzakanaka. Mune nguva yakaoma iyi pane zviitiko zvizhinji kwazvo zvakabatanidzwa mukusimudzirwa kwekunamata kwevanhu.

Nokudaro, fresco yakabudisa pfungwa huru uye yakaunza tariro. Izvi zvakaita kuti munhu ave asingatyi kuuya kwekuuya, asi aimiririra kutonga kwake kutonga. Zvechokwadi, kusvikira nguva dzedu dzisina kuchengetedzwa zvizere, asi izvo zvinoramba zviri kure zvakadaro zviri kuwedzera mukudzika kwayo.