Hurumende yezvematongerwe enyika yeRussia 19-21 mazana emakore. Vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika veRussia

Mukufamba kwemazana matatu emakore, nyika yedu yakakwanisa kudarika madzimambo ose aripo pakati pehutanda nehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, nenzira yakachena, hapana hurumende yakamboitika, yakagara iri imwe kana imwe symbiosis. Uye ikozvino sangano rezvematongerwe enyika reRussia rinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri zvehurumende yehurumende, pamwe chete nehurumende dzehurumende uye nzira dzehurumende.

Pamusoro peiyo mavheji

Iri izwi rezvesayenzi rinoreva mahurumende apo zviratidzo zvehutongi uye demokarasi zvakabatanidzwa pamwechete, uye kazhinji kacho maitiro acho ari pakati. Pane zvakawanda tsanangudzo pano, asi nekubatsirwa kwepfungwa dzakazara dzave dzakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri. Bhuku rekutanga reasayendisiti rinoona hurumende yakasvibiswa sehurumende isina hutongi, iyo iyo, demokrasia nechepasi, yechipiri, pane zvinopesana, inofunga nezvematongerwe enyika eRussia kuti ave mukukwikwidza kana kuti sarudzo dzehurumende dzezvematongerwo enyika, kureva, hurumende nehuwandu.

Iyo iyo tsanangudzo ye "hybrid mode" inonyanya kufarirwa, nokuti ine imwe mhando yekusina mutengo uye kusarerekera. Vazhinji masayendisiti vanodavira kuti sangano rezvematongerwe enyika reRussia rinobvumira zvose zvaro zvezvematongerwe enyika izvo zvekushongedza: paramendeti, sangano revanhu vazhinji, sarudzo uye zvose zvinodzvinyirira zvinongoratidzira hutongi hwechokwadi. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti kutevedzera uku kuri kufamba kune zvakasiyana.

MuRussia

Hurumende yezvematongerwo enyika yeRussia iri kuedza kuzviratidza pachedu kunyanya kudzvinyirira uye kudarika zvematongerwo enyika kupfuura zvazviri chaizvo. Chiyero chevane simba - democracy ndiyo yakareba zvakakwana kuti nyaya iyi iite nharo yesayenzi yekuwana kubvumirana. Vazhinji masayendisiti vanoda kutongerwa hurumende yakasvibiswa munyika umo mune mapato maviri emapato ezvematongerwe enyika aripo avo vanotora mutemo muparamende. Panofanirawo kuva nemitemo yakawanda yemasangano uye maitiro emasarudzo anogara aripo. Zvadaro rudzi rwehutongi hunozoguma huve hwakachena. Asi haisi iko kukwikwidzana pakati pemapato kunokosha here? Uye nhamba ye kukanganisa kwekusununguka kwekusarudzwa kunoverengwa?

Russia ihurumende yezvematongerwo enyika yeparamende-paramende. Chero mamiriro ezvinhu, saka zvinodudzwa. Kufananidza hakusi kureva nhema, sezvinotaurwa nesayenzi sciences. Ichi ndicho chinetso chakaoma zvikuru. Hurumende yeHybrid inowanzova nehuori pamwero wakakwirira kwazvo (kusanganisira mumatare, kwete chete mumasarudzo), hurumende isingawaniki neparamende, isina kuratidza asi yakasimba kutonga kwezviremera pamusoro pezvinobudisa nhau, rusununguko rwehupfumi rwevanhu (kusikwa kwemasangano ehurumende nemisangano yevanhu). Sezvo isu tose tinoziva, zviratidzo izvi zvinoratidza hurumende yehurumende yeRussia ikozvino. Zvisinei, zvinonakidza kutevera nzira yose iyo nyika yakapfuura nayo mukuvandudzwa kwayo kwezvematongerwo enyika.

Makore zana zvisati zvaitika

Iko kunofanira kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti Russia iri muchechi yechipiri yenyika iyo yakatanga kukurudzirwa kwevanhu vakuru, uye yakaitanga yakareba zvikuru kupfuura nyika dzeWest, iyo inonzi inotungamirira. Kunyange zvakadaro, chaizvoizvo mumakore makumi mana yakafamba nenzira imwechete iyo nyika idzi dzakatora kwemazana emakore. Izvi zvaive zvakakonzerwa nekukwirira kwakakura kwemaindasitiri, uye vakapawo mutemo wezvehupfumi hwehurumende, iyo yakamanikidza kufambiswa kwemawanda emabhizimisi uye kuvakwa kwezvitima. Nokudaro, sangano rezvematongerwe enyika reRussia pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, panguva imwe chete nenyika dzakapfuurira, akapinda mumutambo weimeriyuta. Asi zvakanga zvisiri nyore, hurumende yakanga isingagoni kuvanza hutsinye hwaro hwekutsvaira nekukura kwakakurumidza. Kuchinja kwacho kwakanga kusingadzivisiki. Sei uye sangano rezvematongerwe enyika reRussia rakashandurwa sei, chii chakaita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere kuchinja?

Mamiriro ekutanga-hondo

1. Zvinyorwa zvitsva zvakasimuka nokukurumidza, zvichivimba nehuwandu hwemari uye huwandu hwekugadzira, kutora nzvimbo dzose dzepamusoro dzehupfumi. Kudzvinyirira kwemari kwakange kwakagadzirirwa chete mukukura kwayo, pasinei nemari yevanhu. Hapana akaisa mari kune varimi, uye zvishoma nezvishoma yakashaya simba rokudyisa nyika.

2. Indasitiri yakabatana nemabhangi, mari yehupfumi yakakura, uye hupfumi hwemari hwakaonekwa.

3. Zvinhu nezvipfeko zvakatengeswa kubva kunyika, nzvimbo yakakura yakawanikwa uye kubviswa kwemari. Mafomu acho akanga akasiyana, sekusvika ikozvino: zvikwereti zvehurumende, zvikwereti zvakajeka muhupfumi hweimwe hurumende.

4. Ikoko kwakabuda mhirizhonga yehurumende yemarudzi ose uye kurwisana kwemisika yezvinhu zvakasikwa, kutengesa uye kuvema kwekutsvaga kwawedzera.

5. Kumukwikwidza mune imwe nzvimbo yekutonga pakati penyika dzakapfuma yenyika yakawana apogee yake, izvi zvakatungamirira kutanga kune dzimwe nhanho dzehondo, uye Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga yakasununguka. Uye vanhu vakatototadza zvose izvi zvese zvehutano uye zvematongerwo enyika zveRussia.

Kuguma kwezana remakore rechi19 nekutanga kwemazana makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nematanhatu: hupfumi

Nzvimbo yekushandiswa kwemabhizimisi emakore makumi mapfumbamwe, zvakasununguka, yakaguma mumakore matatu ematambudziko emari, iyo yakatanga muna 1900, mushure mokunge kwaive nekunyanya kuora mwoyo - kusvika muna 1908. Zvadaro zvakasvika, pakupedzisira, nguva yeimwe kubudirira - yose yakawanda yemakore anobereka kubva muna 1908 kusvika muna 1913 yakabvumira hupfumi kuti humwe hurumende inomhanya apo huwandu hwemabhizimisi hwakakura ne50%.

Vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika vekuRussia, avo vakagadzirira kushanduka kwema 1905 uye maitiro akawanda emhirizhonga, zvakashata vakarashika nzvimbo yakabereka yemabasa avo. Monopolization yakagamuchira imwe bhonasi mumari yeRussia: mabhizimisi maduku mazhinji akaurawa munguva yezvinetso, kunyange mabhizimisi makuru akaderera akaparara panguva yekuora mwoyo, avo vasina simba vakasiyiwa, uye vane simba vakakwanisa kuisa pfungwa dzekugadzirwa kwemabhiza mumaoko avo. Mabhizimisi mashoma akambanikidzwa, ndiyo nguva yezvinyorwa zvitsva-makanda uye masangano, ayo akabatanidza kutengesa mishonga yavo nenzira yakanakisisa.

Zvematongerwo enyika

Iyo yezvematongerwe enyika yeRussia pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 raiva ushe hwakakwana, simba rose rakanga riri mumaoko eumambo ane chikonzero chekutsanangurira pachigaro. Gondo raiva nemisoro mbiri nehurumende dzoumambo raive nokuzvikudza rakagara pamaoko, uye mureza wakanga wakafanana neavo nhasi-chena-bhuru-tsvuku. Apo sangano rezvematongerwe enyika muRussia rinochinja uye udzvinyiriri hwehuwandu hwematongerwo enyika hunouya , mureza uchave wakatsvuka. Kufanana neropa iro vanhu vakateura kwemazana emakore akawanda. Uye pane maoko pane senga uye nyundo dzine nzeve. Asi ichava muna 1917 chete. Uye pamagumo ezana remakore rechi19 uye kutanga kwe20, sangano, rakasikwa pasi peAlexandria wekutanga, rakakunda munyika.

Hurumende yeHurumende yaiva mutungamiri wepamutemo: haana kusarudza chero chinhu, aigona kungotaura zvaaifunga. Hapana basa kunze kwechigadziro chamambo chakambova mutemo. Dare iri raiva mutariri weSeneti. Zvinhu zvehurumende zvaitungamirirwa neVaMakurukota eVatariri, asi hapana chaifanira kuitwa kunze kwekuti Tsar zvimwe - iyi ndiyo yezvematongerwo enyika eRussia muzana remakore rechi19 uye kutanga kwe20. Asi Hurumende yeMari uye neHurumende yeZvenyika yakanga yatova nekodzero yakawanda panguva iyoyo. Vashandi vezvemari vanogona kutora mamiriro ezvinhu kune tsar, uye chekutsvaga chekutsvaga chekutsvaga nevanokurudzira, kukanganiswa kwemakalata, kuongorora nekuongorora kwezvematongerwe enyika kana zvisingarevi, zvinogona kukanganisa chisarudzo cheumambo mune kadhidheni.

Emigration

Kusateerera mutemo kwevanhu, mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma mumari uye kudzvinyirira (hongu, Stalin haana kuisika!) Yakakonzera kuwedzera nekukura kwekuenda kwenyika-uye iyi haisi yezana remakore rechi21, asi ye19! Vagari venyika vakasiya nyika, vachienda kutanga kune dzimwe nyika dzekuvakidzana - kushanda, ndokubva vatiza kumativi ose enyika, ndiyo yaiva iyo nzvimbo dzeRussia dzakagadzwa muU.SA, Canada, Argentina, Brazil uye kunyange muAustralia. Kwete kuchinja kwema1917 uye hondo yakatevera yakabereka kurwizi urwu, havana kungoita kuti ibude kwenguva.

Ndezvipi zvikonzero zvekubuda kwezvinhu izvi muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe? Hurumende yezvematongerwe enyika yeRussia muzana remakore rechi20 yakange isinganzwisisiki uye inogamuchirwa nevanhu vose, naizvozvo chikonzero chakajeka. Asi vanhu vati vatotiza kubva kumambo wemhedziso, chii? Mukuwedzera kune kushungurudzika kune dzimwe nyika, vanhu vakanga vasina mamiriro ezvinhu ekuwana dzidzo uye huri nani hurovedzi hwemhizha, vagari vanga vachitsvaga kushandiswa kwakakodzera kwemazano avo uye simba kuhupenyu hwavo, asi izvi zvaisakwanisika nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Uye chikamu chakakura chekuenda kune dzimwe nyika - zviuru zvevanhu-vakange vari kurwisana nehurumende, vashanduki vezvemangwana, avo vanobva ipapo vakatungamirira mapoka akasimuka pamapepanhau, mapepanhau akabudiswa, akanyora mabhuku.

Kusununguka kwesangano

Izvo zvinopesana munharaunda zvakange zvakaoma pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, zvokuti vaigara vachidurura zviuru zvekupemberera kwematongerwo enyika, mamiriro ezvinhu ekuvandudza maitiro akanga achikwira nekukwirira uye kumativi. Dutu racho rairamba richitsamwa pakati pevadzidzi. Sangano rebasa rakaita basa rinokosha zvikuru mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, uye zvakanyatsozivikanwa kuti muna 1905 zvaive zvichitsvaga kusanganiswa kwehupfumi uye zvematongerwe enyika. Inzanga uye zvematongerwo enyika zveRussia zvave zvichionekwa zvisina kugadzikana. Muna 1901 vashandi veKharkov vakarova musi waMay Day panguva imwe chete sechitsvaga mubhizimisi reObukhov reSt. Petersburg, uko kwaive nekudzivirirwa kwepamusoro nemapurisa.

Pakazosvika gore ra192, chikwata chacho chakanga chapedza nyika yose yekumaodzanyemba yenyika, kubva kuRostov. Muna 1904, danho guru muBaku nemamwe maguta akawanda. Mukuwedzera, pakanga pane sangano rinokura mumatare evarimi. Vose Kharkov nePoltava vakanga vapandukira muna 1902, zvokuti zvakange zvakaenzana zvikuru nehondo dzinotyisa dzePugachev naRazin. Kushorwa kwakasununguka kwakasimudza inzwi rayo mumushandirapamwe weZemstvo we 1904. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, sangano rekupikisa raifanira kuitwa. Asi hurumende, zvisinei, yakanga ichiri kutarisira, asi haina kutora matanho chero kupi nekupi kwekuvandudzazve kuvaka, uye kare kare yakapera kunze kwayo yezvematongerwo enyika yeRussia. Muchidimbu, kupinduka kwakange kusingadzivisiki. Uye zvakaitika musi waOctober 25 (November 7), 1917, zvakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune vekare: bourgeois imwe - 1905 uye muna February 1917, apo Hurongwa Hwakagadzirirwa hukava nesimba.

Makumi makumi maviri ezana remakore rechimakumi maviri

Panguva iyoyo, chimiro chehurumende cheMambo weRussia chakashandurwa zvakanyanya. Munharaunda yose, kunze kweBaltic inotaura, Finland, Western Byelorussia neUkraine, Bessarabia, kudzvinyirira kwevaBolshevik kwakauya sechinhu chakasiyana chematongerwo enyika neimwe sangano. Mamwe mapoka eSoviet ainge achiripo mumavambo makumi maviri okutanga akaparadzana: Socialist-Revolutionaries neMensheviks vakazvimirira muna 1920, Bund muna 1921, uye muna 1922 vatungamiri veSocialist-Revolutionaries vaipomerwa mhosva yekuzvidzivirira nehugandanga, vakaidza uye vakapomerwa. VaMenshevik vakanga vari vanhu vashoma, sezvo sangano repasi rose raipikisa kudzvinyirira. Vazhinji vavo vakangotorwa kunze kwenyika. Saka nekupikisa kwakapera. Muna 1922, Josef Vissarionovich Stalin akagadzwa Mukuru Munyori weCentral Committee yeRCP (B.), Uye izvi zvakakurudzira kupindira kwepati, pamwe nekuvandudzirwa kwekombiyuta yemagetsi - ine chimiro chakasimba chemazamu mukati mezvigadziro zvemashoko emunharaunda.

Kutyisa kwakaderera uye kwakakurumidza kuparara zvachose, kunyange zvakadaro, mutemo wemutemo mune zvemazuva ano hauna kuvakwa. Zvisinei, kare muna 1922, Civil and Criminal Code dzakagamuchirwa, madareguru akazobviswa, Bhar uye Hofisi yePurezidho zvakasimbiswa, kutsvaga kwakagadziriswa muBumbiro reMitemo, uye Cheka yakarongedzerwa zvakare muGPU. Kuguma kweHondo Yenyika yaiva nguva yekuzvarwa kweSoviet republics: RSFSR, Belorussian, Ukrainian, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Georgian. Paivawo neKirezm neBukhara neHarare East. Uye kwose kwose kwaiva musoro weCommunist Party, uye hurumende yeRussian Federation (RSFSR) yakanga isiri yakasiyana nedzimwe nzira, ichiti, Armenian imwe. Purogiramu imwe neimwe yaiva necheroyo pachake, nhengo dzayo hurumende uye hutungamiri. Muna 1922, nyika dzeSoviet dzakatanga kubatana muhurumende yehurumende. Yakanga isiri basa rakaoma uye rakaoma, haina kubuda pakarepo. Sangano rakagadzirwa Soviet Union raive nekugadzirisa mafungiro ayo maitiro ehurumende aive nehutongi hwemagariro chete, asi izvi zvaive nesimba zvikuru: kare mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mana emapepanhau yakawanda yemapepanhau emunharaunda, masayenzi, zvikoro zvehurumende zvakasikwa, mabhuku mumitauro yose yevanhu veUSSR, pasina kusarudzwa, Uye vanhu vazhinji vakanga vasina mutauro wakanyorwa, vakagamuchira, izvo zvakakonzera pfungwa dzakapenya zvepasi rese yesayenzi. ISoviet Union yakaratidza kusakwanisa kuita, pasinei nokuti nyika yacho yakave yakaparadzwa kaviri. Zvisinei, makore makumi manomwe gare gare haana kuurayiwa kwete nehondo, kwete nekununurwa, asi ... kubudirira nekugutsikana. Uye vatengesi mukati meboka rekutonga.

Muzana remakore rechi21

Ndeipi nhasi maitiro? Ichi hachiri chegumi chechina, apo zviremera zvakaratidza chete zvinodiwa zvekurumidza kubuda bourgeoisie uye oligarchy. Vose vari pakati pevanhu vazhinji vaipiswa nevanhau mune zvekuda kwavo uye netariro ye "kutarisa" mune remangwana rava pedyo. Yakanga isiri urongwa, asi, pane kudaro, kusavapo kwake. Kupamba kwakakwana uye kusateerera mutemo. Chii zvino? Iye zvino hurumende yehurumende yeRussian Federation, mune dzimwe nyanzvi, inofanana neBonapartist. Kukoka kune purogiramu yemazuva ano yeRussia yekushandura kunobvumira kuona mukati maro mararamiro akafanana. Iyi purogiramu yakatanga kushandiswa sechigadziriswa kune yekare yekare yekushanduka kwehutano hwevanhu maererano nekuregererwa kwetsika yeSoviet yakarongeka yevanhu, uye nenzira iyi, chokwadi, ine maitiro anochengetedza. Nzira yakagadziriswa yehurumende yeRussia yezvematongerwe enyika nhasi inewo unhu huviri, hwakagadzirirwa panguva imwechete musarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika uye tsika dzepamutemo dzeSoviet.

State capitalism - iri kupi?

Iko kune pfungwa yokuti pasi peSoviet kutonga kwaive nehurongwa hwehupfumi hwehurumende. Zvisinei, chero humwe hutungamiri hwehurumende hunotsigira kunyanya purofiti. Iye zvino yakafanana zvikuru neyiyi pamwe nehurumende dzehurumende. Asi muUSSR, kunyange apo Kosygin akaedza kutsvaga mari yehupfumi yevatungamiri, izvi zvaisava zvachose. MuSoviet Union maitiro acho aipedzeredzwa, ane zvikamu zvehukama hwevanhu uye, kusvika pamwero muduku, capitalism. Socialism yakazviratidza pachayo kwete mukupararira kwemari yevatengi vehurumende nehurumende yehutano kune vakwegura, vanorwara uye vakaremara. Yeuka kuti kunyange mari yepensheni yevose yakaonekwa chete pachikamu chekupedzisira chekuvapo kwenyika.

Asi pano sangano muhutungamiri hwehupenyu hwemagariro ehupfumi uye hupfumi hahuri hurumende zvachose, yakange yakavakwa zvachose pamusoro pemitemo ye technocratic, kwete hurumende. Zvisinei, kunyange muhupenyu hwakachena, Soviet Union yakanga isingazivi socialism. Ichokwadi kuti kwaiva nehupfumi hwevanhu hwemagetsi ekugadzirwa. Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende haina kufanana nehupfumi hwehupfumi, nokuti hazvibviri kuitakura, uye dzimwe nguva kunyange kuziva kuti ungazviita sei. Kuzarura munharaunda inogara isingaiti hazvibviri, saka kunyange ruzivo rwakanga rwuri hurumende yehurumende. Kwakange kusina kuzivikanwa apo nhepfenyuro yemameneja yakarongedza ruzivo semugove wega. Kuenzana kwehutano - chirevo chekushushikana kwevanhu, nenzira chaiyo, inobvuma kusaenzana kwezvinhu. Hapana hupikano pakati pemakirasi, hapana hutano hwevanhu huripo huri kubviswa nevamwe, uye naizvozvo hahuna kumboitika kuna ani zvake kudzivirira mararamiro evanhu. Zvisinei, kwaiva nehondo ine simba, uye yakakomberedza - huwandu hwevakuru vakuru vakanga vasina kungosiyana chete muhomwe, asiwo vaiva nehuwandu hwemhando.

Kubatana

Socialism ayo wakachena muchimiro sezvo Marx akazviona, mune imwe nyika yakapiwa haagoni ivakwe. Yakakurumbira Trotskyite maviri remakore rechimakumi maviri Saahobaev vakati kuti ruponeso kwenyika - chete munyika chimurenga. Asi hazvibviri, nekuti kupokanidzana vanotofanira vakatakudzwa kubva pakutanga-weDanho kunyika iri kwemaindasitiri wechitatu nyika nyika. Asi iwe unogona kurangarira zvakanaka tsika dzidziso Lenin, uyo aida kushandura pfungwa yokuvaka gutsaruzhinji mune nzanga yakabudirira co-dzaishandisa.

State pfuma hakufaniri panguva imwe chete zvaitambidzwa cooperatives, chete emakambani vose chinozoiswa mirawu kuzvitonga. VaJudha vainzwisisa zvakarurama - iri kibbutzim ane zvose zvaidiwa boka, iyo inorondedzera Lenin. Saizvozvowo ebhizimusi wesangano rinomirira basa America, uye isu waivapo panguva kugadzirisa National urongwa zvavakanga vachida kuita. Zvisinei, pasi capitalism, kubudirira maindasitiri aya ndiwo matambudziko. Panguva zvakanakisisa, ivo vanoita seboka capitalist vachida. Chete anopamba yose simba rezvematongerwo enyika kubudikidza proletariat inogona hwaro pakuvaka gutsaruzhinji.