Ground-mhepo svikiro: peculiarities kwezvakatipoteredza uye ayo unhu

All zvipenyu vagere edu, nyika vanogara pasi zvimwe zvinhu, izvo dzinoenderana padanho kukura, zvimwe sangano uye basa zvipenyu. Vaigara munyika-mhepo ezvinhu? Features kwezvakatipoteredza, inova yakakurumbira kudarika dzimwe, uye zvakawanda ichakurukurwa munyaya yedu.

Chii chinonzi dzinogarisana

Habitat nokuti zvinenge inonzi zvose zvakavapoteredza. Uye hazvisi zvoga zvinhu, asi chii chiri akasika munhu.

Dzezvakatipoteredza ziva nzvimbo dzakawanda. Ichi pasi-mhepo, mvura, ivhu. Zvipenyu kunogonawo kuva dzinogarisana. Somuenzaniso, muna intestinal ducts mhuka parasitize mamwe sandara uye kumativi makonye.

The raora yose dzinogarisana yose biosphere. Izvi goko Nyika, apo upenyu zvinokwanisika. Asi murume wavo zvinhu zvakadaro kushandurwa kuti nyanzvi dzinoti mberi dzidzo. Inonzi noosphere. goko iri nyika akasikwa basa nevanhu.

Mapoka makuru zvezvakatipoteredza zvinhu

mashoko ose kwezvakatipoteredza, vari kune dzimwe kanganisei zvainoita muviri, anotaurwa so dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Ndivo zvakasiyana-siyana. Asi nokuda hunhu matambudziko avari rakakamurwa mapoka akawanda.

• Wokutanga rinounza vose zvinhu zviri zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa. Dzinonzi abiotic. uwandu Iri pamushana, mhepo tembiricha, mwando radioactive nemwaranzi, mhepo negwara uye zvakaita mamiriro enzvimbo. For hwemvura zvinenge mhando iyi salinity uye dzenzvimbo.
• Biotic zvinhu zvabatanidzwa simba yamarudzi ose zvipenyu uye ukama hwavo nomumwe. Vanogona kuva kungoreva kunobatsira, kwazvakarerekera dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya and said.
• Human mabasa, anochinja mamiriro, rinomiririra boka hwevanhu zvinhu.

Habitat zvipenyu

Mumwe dzinogarisana ane yayo nemamwe zvinhu uye unhu. Somuenzaniso, mvura nani pane zvimwe zvinhu anoramba kupisa, saka tembiricha oscillations zvirimo kunyora nezvavo. A ivhu kushanda uye chiedza uye kupisa kazhinji kushoma. Part muviri ari parasitic nzira youpenyu, kurarama mamwe miviri. The chiito uye kukosha kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro zvakare kuchengeta kushoma.

Zvakakurukurwa pasi-mhepo dzinogarisana iri chokwadi kuti kupfuura siyana uye kunzwisisa. Chokwadi ichi ane zvichinzwisisika.

Zvakakurukurwa pasi-mhepo mhenyu ezvinhu

Kunzwisisa marongerwo ezvinhu kwezvakatipoteredza nokuti kuti riri panosangana nenzvimbo membranes akawanda - hydro, litho - uye mhepo. Saka, zvinenge kuti kurarama mairi vanotungamirirwa zvinokonzera neimwe. Dzavo STRUCTURAL zvinhu kuvabvumira kukurira kuchinja kamwe kamwe ari tembiricha, kuchinja makemikari Zvinoumba mhepo uye unyoro.

Abiotic zvikonzero zviri pasi-mhepo ezvinhu

Zvakakurukurwa pasi-mhepo nzvimbo zvinosanganisira zvinoverengeka. Chekutanga, zviri rakadzika arambe achirema mhepo. The pasi arambe achirema dzedenga gobvu achibvumira vomumuzinda aro nyore kufamba pasi kana nendege.

Chimwe chinhu ndechokuti mhepo iri kugara zvitange. Izvi "kuyerera" anonyaradza zvoga kufamba vagari vazhinji vavo metabolic zvigadzirwa. Ichi chirimwa mbeu, spores ose notumwe uye utachiona, zviduku zvipembenene arachnids. Panyaya iyi mumhepo nevamwe ezvinhu ichi ane pasi indekisi iyo kazhinji ndiyo 760 mm HG. Kuchinja unokosha ichi kunoita kuti kutyorwa vasiri dzinotsanagura vemo. Saka, kana kumanikidzwa shoma kukwira kukwanisa kukurumidza okisijeni muropa plasma. Somugumisiro, zvinova zvishoma kufema anova kakawanda, zvichiguma kunyanya kurasikirwa unyoro.

Utachiona pasi-mhepo ezvinhu

Mumwe zvinhu zvose zvipenyu zvose zviri kukwanisa kuchinja. Kunyanya mhuka-ngaave-mhepo ezvinhu, uyewo mamwe Utachiona, iri chokwadi kuti vose vari mubishi yemhindumupindu vawana kwadzakabva angoerekana tembiricha kuchinja, okunze uye kuchinja mwaka.

Somuenzaniso, miti yakawanda kuona kwemvura uye chando vari okunatsiridza mumidzi uye matavi. The hanyanisi uye leek AND tulip nemidzi twakadai uye bhiti Mashizha Aloe mvura inochengetwa uye anodiwa zvinhu. The spores mabhakitiriya uye zvinomera, nemaziso masero mhuka dziri hwakatamisirwa zvakaoma ezvinhu ari mamiriro cysts. Zvisinei, vari kwakafukidza pedyo gobvu goko, uye zvose metabolic pezvakaitwa vari kuderedzwa kushoma. Kana vanoshorwa kumwedzi kwapera, masero vakakamurwa uye hwakatamisirwa zvinoshingaira kuvapo.

In mhuka dzakawanda, pasi-mhepo svikiro inoumbwa kunzwisisa hurongwa thermoregulation nokupisa exchange zvakatipoteredza, nokuda izvo avo tembiricha muviri anoramba achitsungirira pasinei mwaka.

Mugumisiro anthropogenic chinhu

nemabasa evanhu akachinja zvikuru ndiyo pasi-mhepo ezvinhu. Features kwezvakatipoteredza vaiva pakutanga dzinongoitika, anoramba akadaro, zvichida, chete neArctic mumarenje. Low tembiricha kuti nzvimbo iyi dzinongoitika isingagariki. Naizvozvo, kunyanya zvinenge pasi-mhepo mamiriro ezvinhu iri yokuti vane zvikuru simba kwevanhu zvinhu zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe vomumuzinda kwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza niches.

Man anomuchinja dzinongoitika nharaunda uye kwenzvimbo, kushandura gasi anoumba chadenga, makemikari hwaro ivhu kunokanganisa kuchena pemvura. Havasi zvinenge zvose vane nguva kujairana kukurumidza kuchinja mamiriro anokonzerwa pokudzora anthropogenic zvinhu. Zvinosuruvarisa zvakaipa kwevanhu kukanganisa nyika-mhepo ezvinhu pari richikunda pamusoro zvose zvinoitwa kuchengetedza upenyu.

Global kwezvakatipoteredza zvavanotyira pasi-mhepo dzinogarisana

Sezvo kukanganiswa nevanhu-nyika-mhepo ezvinhu? Features kwezvakatipoteredza, ayo mukuru zviratidzi mumuviri dzakawanda dzakadaro yakanakira upenyu, zvakachinja. Izvi zvakaita kuti chidzoke zvinetso yose zvezvakatipoteredza munyika. Industrial basa zvakonzera Kuchinja gasi anoumba chadenga. Somugumisiro, mhepo pave guru, zvichienzaniswa ndozvakajairwa, wevasungwa kuti carbon dioxide inobvisa kuunganidza oxides rwesarufa uye senitrogen, freons. Result - kudziya kwepasi, inokudza chaizvoizvo kuparadzwa ozone layer nemvura inonaya iine acid, smog pamusoro mumaguta makuru.

Somugumisiro murombo Environmental Management kunoderedza zvachose munzvimbo masango, inova "mapapu" nyika yedu, ichipa zvose mhenyu okisijeni. Nokufamba kwenguva, chicherwa mari aneta uye kuderera hwevhu.

Saka, ndiwo zvikuru siyana pasi-mhepo ezvinhu. Features Environment nhema waro nzvimbo panguva mhesano anoverengeka dzinongoitika tsaukana mahamvuropu. chikuru zvachiri ndiye yakaderera arambe achirema, kumanikidzwa uye kufamba mhepo makore, nguva dzose mumhepo gasi sezvamunoita, ari volatility kupisa muoti, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze uye mwaka. Zvikuru kukosha kuti kwomuzvarirwo kushanda mu pasi-mhepo mamiriro ezvinhu ane mwando tembiricha unongotaura.