Greek hoplites: dzokurwa, mufananidzo. Ndivanaani echiGiriki hoplites?

In yekare Sparta vamabhiza kwakanga zvishomanana, sezvo vagari vaiona zviri chisingaoneki mauto mhando iyi. Huru simba vaiva inifanduri (hoplites). chombo ravo raiva inorema nhoo, bakatwa uye refu bakatwa.

Greek hoplites, Ndianiko uyu?

Hapana chakavanzika nhoroondo nyika yekare vari dzinenge zvachose rinoumbwa kurwisana nezvombo uye utsinye muhondo. State nomumwe anofanira kuedza kuva hondo yavo kwekuva inoshanda, uye Greece ndozvakaitikawo. Unorema mauto ayo akanga hoplites - akapakata zvombo vaifamba namakumbo. Ivo vokutanga akazviratidza pahondo Sparta yekare. hoplites Greek, chokwadi, iri musoja-vagari uye kushumira guta-mamiriro, iyo navanhu.

Panguva iyoyo, basa rechiuto raiva basa nomumwe. Saka, chero mugari kuungana kunotozongoita ikava kuungana kana kare vakashumira magamba avo, kana kunyange basa panguva masoja nguva. Zvakaratidza kuti mugari ose wakasununguka mutemo, nokukurumidza kana vakazova hoplites.

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti vaifamba akapakata zvombo, kubvira VII remakore, uye pamusoro akatevera mana emakore, vakatonga yehondo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pamberi baba Aleksandra Makedonskogo, Mambo Philip II, iyo hoplites vaiva hwaro ainakidza phalanx.

MuGreece yekare, vaifamba yakakamurwa kupinda tactical muzvikamu akawanda. Matenda akanga achiatapudzira, ipapo fuckers avo, akavapindurawo, vakanga vakakamurwa kuva muzvikamu zviduku. Chiefs, vatungamiri morami, akadana polemarch uye suckers - vakuru.

nezvombo

hoplites Greek nguva dzose naro nhoo Argive kana Aspis. Vane kumativi chimiro uye vakaremerwa anopfuura 8 makirogiramu. An dzinonakidza chokwadi ndechokuti panguva kutiza nemauto chokutanga chinhu vachikanda mapuranga kwavo nokuda kwavatariri vavo kunyanya kurema, saka Aspis kurasikirwa kwainzi unonyadzisa neipi hoplite. Vakanga kushandiswa kwete chete kufukidza muviri panguva kurwa, asi ave pakamubhedha, zvakanga akaisa mamwe masoja vakuvara kana akafa.

Vezvenhau kazhinji vachiwadzana kwakabva yakakurumbira okuti "vane nhovo kana pairi" uyu hembe Greek. Aspis kazhinji raiva pafuremu yemapuranga yaiva nechokunze chipped of simbi kana jira ndarira, asi mukati - akafukidzwa nematehwe. Yakanga hwomutambarakede Pazvibato, izvo zvinopfuura ruoko ane murwi. The chombo chikuru hoplites vaiva Xiphos - yakananga pfupi kana mahayry - makakombama minondo ane neizvi vanobwembura. Mukuwedzera, vachiri vakafunga kupfeka uye ksistony --mita matatu duku kukanda.

Kugadzirwa kwezvombo

Pakutanga, hurumende haana hanya kuchengetedzwa nemasoja dzavo uye nezvombo kunyange vakapfuura mutemo maererano izvo ose echiGiriki hoplite (BC 5th remakore. E.) aifanira kushongedzera mari yavo, kunyange zvizere yunifomu mutengo zvinodhura (anenge 30 masirivha). mari iyi akafanana remwedzi Mari emhizha. Kazhinji saka zvombo zvinodhura nhaka.

Zviya, kugadzirwa kwayo muGirisi yekare zvaibudirira kunyanya mutemo, asi mune misha, zvinonzi yabva dzimwe nzvimbo. Munguva Pericles muAtene kwakashanda workshop ravakwa guru, apo vaiita mukugadzira mapuranga. Zvichida waiva pamwero mukuru kurimwa muGirisi yekare. Vanenge 120 varanda uye zvakakwana vazhinji vemo vakasununguka.

Nadzo Greek hoplite

Pakutanga, masoja aisunga pamisoro yavo Illyrian nengowani, kana Bowling. Vakanga vakaita yendarira uye yakashongedzwa pamwe penyika horsehair. Vakanga kushandiswa kubva VII kusvika VI. BC. e., kusvikira vakatsiviwa kuKorinde. New nengowani vaiva Akanyatsovharwa uye vakanga chete makomba maziso uye muromo. Kunze kurwa vari kazhinji zvava seri musoro. Gare gare, kwaiva chalcidian ngowani kuti vachiri akavhurika uye nzeve. In II. BC. e. kupfuura mukurumbira ndivo Thracian - aine muhomba zviduku, nechimwe sculpted naschechnikami uye visor.

Murwi mutumbi kumberi uye shure kudzivirirwa anatomical yechipfuva - gippotoraks. Kakawanda, iye ndikamuyerera anenge 1 tarenda (anenge 34 kg), asi vamwe varwi vaiva zvombo uye kaviri sezvo rinorema. Over nguva gippotoraks zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kutsiva zvikuru nyore kusarudza - a dzokurwa yomucheka, inonzi linothorax.

Vadzivirirwa uye dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri. Saka, echiGiriki hoplites vakanga vakapfeka ane zvidzitiro zvamakumbo - knimidami uye bracers zvaishandiswa kusvikira pakati V muna. BC. e. Uchapupu chokwadi ichi ndivo vakawanda zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo vakaona nemasayendisiti pamusoro ari Peloponnesian kweItari. amphoras zhinji uye nezvimwe zvemumba kazhinji vsrechalis mufananidzo apo Greek Hoplite (mufananidzo zveMagwaro mudziyo kunoratidzwa pazasi) achirwisa nezvombo mumwe muvengi.

Kutendeuka muchiuto

The VII-V muna. BC. e. kuchinja zvinhu weighting Hoplite dzokurwa rakaitwa. Ungangove, zviyero dzakadaro dzave akatorwa kuponesa upenyu varwi, sezvo Spartan hondo panguva iyoyo yaiva nehosha 8 chete, uye kunongova 4 zviuru. Masoja.

Zvisinei, kubva pakati V muna. BC. e. Masoja Greek hembe akanga akwanise: yomucheka dzokurwa vakatanga kumanikidza anatomical yechipfuva. Vanenge akanyangarika chose uye bracers. Chikonzero chaiva kuchinja pakuvaka mauto. It kwazova gobvu uye yakadzika, uye uwandu varwi vari muzvikamu yakapetwa kaviri. Chete kuwanda Spartan mauto kumbochinja - 144 murwi neimwe. Nokuda kuchinja muimba anotema parinouya zvishoma kakawanda, saka maoko mauto vasiri pasi mukana adziviswa. Zvino kuwedzera kushandiswa kuboora zvombo, saka pfumo wakareba 3 kusvika 6 mamita. Saka Greek hoplites vakatanga kurichinja sarissoforov - vaifamba namakumbo, akaumba hwaro phalanges.

tsika

Kazhinji Spartans vakanga nokufamba rejenaguru, uye vasati kuti mutongi wavo nguva dzose vakapa chibayiro rombo ravo. Mauto hwagara vakatakura moto ingabvutirwe Sparta, chaidiwa kuti mupopotedzane pamoto ikozvino vachifora kubayira. Uyezve, mune chifananidzo kubatwa uye takambundirana Dioscuri. Ivo somunhu ari pamapatya pamwe mamwe masoja-mu-maoko uye vakanga yakanaka Spartan varwi.

musasa Greek hondo inenge nguva dzose kuva raundi chimiro uye zvakanaka kurindwa ne helots. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti panguva danidziro pakati Spartans vakapfeka chaizvo smartly. Panzvimbo zvatinosiita jasi jira ivo vaipfeka nguvo yepepuru, asi pachinzvimbo anovaraidza - kupenya Dongo zvombo. Kupinda kurwa, varwi vakapfeka nezvishongo, zvakafanana kugadzirira kuti zororo.

Nemamiriro weuto

Mauto vaiva hoplites Greek kwete chete. Ndevapi peltasts uye vaishandisa zvipfuramabwe vachirwisa, uyo akabatsira Spartans muhondo, uchadzidza mberi. Sezvo nevaGiriki asingabatsiri zvachose vamabhiza, mabhiza anowanzoshandiswa chete nokuda chokufambisa vakapfuma varwi kuhondo. Naizvozvo, mumazuva iwayo, kuwedzera kune rinorema inifanduri (hoplites), zvakanga zvichiri uye munyoro, raiumbwa varombo venyika uye varanda. The yokupedzisira, pasinei hwokuvapo kwake ravaranda vaiva vanhu zvakakwana yakavimbika, vakavimbika kuna tenzi wavo.

Mumwe hoplite hazvo aiva muranda vaimubatsira kupfeka zvokushandisa. Muhondo varanda vakanga vaishandisa zvipfuramabwe vachirwisa zvinopfekerwa nomucheka bhegi wandei dhazeni nevhu kana ibwe nuclei dhayamita 40 cm. Uyewo vaiva rinokosha bhandi loop inopiwa ane thickening. Iri raiva muchipfuramabwe. Its nounyanzvi whirled pamusoro musoro wake, uye ipapo vachienda. Chinoumba akabvisa panguva kumhanya uye hwasvika muvengi, kwaiitwa zvakakomba makuvaro pakachena nhengo dzomuviri.

throwers

Peltasts akatumidza chiedza inifanduri vakapakata mapfumo. Vakanga basa kubva nhamba akadana varombo vagari, vakanga vasina mukana wokuwana zvombo uye nezvombo hoplite. Zvinoitika kuti vamwe vavo wakawana hembe nokuda muguta.

Peltasts vakakanda zvombo zvavo kuti chinhambwe vanenge 15 m. Vaisafanira dzakawanda dzakatumirwa miseve, sezvo vane nguva kushandisa mashomanana ari pfupi nguva kusvikira muvengi yaizouya pedyo. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti nemutsunda sezvo chombo yaiva zvikuru nengozi kupfuura nomuseve, sezvo kupinda Nhoo omuvengi, vakaramba mariri, zvichiita kuti zviome prodelyvat chero unodzivirira evanhu.

kugwinya uye kurovedza muviri

Sokuziva, echiGiriki hoplites - a varwi kuti vaisagona kuchengeta hurongwa munguva sangano, uye kunyange unyanzvi zvombo haana mubvunzo. Chokwadi, tinogona kufungidzira kuti vagari vakasununguka vaiita muviri vamwe mutsa, asi kuramba kushanda nokunatsiridza muviri wako, kunyanya pashure richisvika somunhu mukuru zera, uye kunyange vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vasina mukana kana simba.

Chimwe chinhu Spartans. Kubvira pauduku, mumwe nomumwe wavo akadzidzisa unyanzvi hondo. Vaiziva nzira kurwa, uye zvakakodzera vanodada nayo. Spartan hoplites vasingazvizivi chete sei kuti abate mutsara zvakakwana, chii chakavabatsira flutists asiwo nounyanzvi akatungamirira pedyo kurwisana. Vakanga vanenge akanakisisa varwi zvenyika yekare.

300 Spartans

Tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti huru basa kuti vadzivirire maguta avo kubva mauto muvengi apo achitamba nayo Greek Hoplite. 480 BC. e. - imwe nguva apo mambo mukuru wePezhiya, mauto Xerxes 'vayambuka akakamanikana uye nechisimba womumwe ndima. Greece akamanikidzwa azvidzivirire. hondo dzaro sungano yaiva vezvikwata hoplites akatumwa kubva maguta ane gumi nerimwe, pakati pavo pakange Sparta. Kudzivisa mberi chinotangira muvengi kure negungwa, vaGiriki vakaedza kuvhara rakamanikana chikamu Thermopylae. Kwemazuva maviri vakakwanisa kurova vane masimba wePezhia, asi kutengeswa mumwe vagari vemo, uyo akapedza muvengi mauto yokunzvenga nevanozvitsigira, haana kupa mukana kuhwina. Hondo yose Greek akadzokera, kunze mazana matatu Spartans uye mamwe mapoka maviri - the Thebans uye Thespians, izvo, zvisinei, kukurumidza iri yabvuma kuti muvengi.

The Spartans vaiziva havana kukunda pakurwa, asi haana kubvumirwa yokubva mutemo uye rukudzo. Pano pana Thermopylae, vaitsigira nyika yavo - Opuntskuyu Locris uye Boeotia, kuburikidza akanga zvakaitika hondo muPezhiya. hoplites vakashinga haana pechikara uye akafa, ane hondo dzisakarurama.

Time vanotozvikuvadza Anomhanyira mberi, asi nhoroondo ichiri akachengetedzwa husingarambiki hwokuti kuvapo yakasununguka guta Sparta nemasoja ake vakashinga kudzivirira nyika yavo pavavengi. heroism wavo achiri vayemurwe nevanhu vazhinji, uye mbiri vatungamiriri kupfura mafirimu pamusoro pavo. Uyezve, chero chitoro pane chirangaridzo dhipatimendi, ndine chokwadi kanenge pane kumbonyanya musoro dimikira rechiGiriki hoplite mu yakanaka zvikuru hembe.