Russia: kare, kiyi misi nezviitiko

Kwemazana emakore anoverengeka, Russia akamborara nemateru nezvisingafadzi, asi pakupedzisira akava umambo rayo guru muMoscow.

mupfupi periodization

Nhoroondo Russia akatanga mugore 862, apo Novgorod paakasvika Viking Rurik, akadanidzira uyu muchinda guta. Kana ake political mutsivi centre vakatamira Kiev. Pakatanga kusabatana kuRussia, maguta akawanda vakatanga nharo mumwe kodzero kuva guru iri East necheSalvic nyika.

Izvi feudal nguva yakakanganiswa kubudikidza nechisimba Mongol mapoka uye kuisa joko. Ari akaoma ezvinhu tinyanye hondo nokuparadzwa kunyanya guta Russian raiva Moscow, izvo pakupedzisira achaunganidzwa Russia uye zvakamuita akazvimirira. In XV - XVI emakore, ndiro zita chinhu chekare. Iye chikatsiviwa shoko "Russia", vakagamuchirwa nokuda Byzantine manyorerwo.

Pane pakawanda maonero panyaya kana chinhu chomunguva yakapfuura feudal Russia muna historiography ano. Kakawanda, vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti izvi zvakaitika muna muna 1547, apo Prince Ivan akatora musoro mambo.

The chidzoke weRussia

Ancient takabatana Russia, nhoroondo yakatanga muna IX remakore, akauya mushure, kana 882 gore Novgorod muchinda Oleg yakakunda Kiev uye akaita guta rino guru rake. Munhambo iyi East necheSalvic madzinza rakakamurwa dzakawanda maberekero mibatanidzwa (kuchena Dregovichi, Krivichi uye t. D.). Vamwe vavo vari asatenderwe mumwe. Vagari steppes akabhadharawo mutero kuna Khazars noutsinye vatorwa.

Naizvozvo, machinda Kievan rokutanga akanga vakabatikana zvokuti kuedza chokubatanidza zvose munzvimbo dzose dzokumaruwa mukutonga kwake. Kutanga centralized pakusava Akaperekedzwa hondo uye kurwisana. Somuenzaniso, Prince Igor Ryurikovich (912-945) akaurayiwa Drevlyane, akabvunza mutero yakawandisa kubva ani.

Christian Byzantium ndomumwe kurwa, izvo vakarwa wechihedheni Rus. Nhoroondo uku kwakatanga apo Oleg, uyo aiva vatongi Kiev wokutanga akaenda zvikepe kumaodzanyemba kuwana mutero kubva nevaGiriki. Nzendo idzi mberi kusvikira XI remakore. Vamwe vavo vakanga vakabudirira, vamwe, yakaguma kukundikana.

Kuitwa Christianity

The chiitiko chinokosha kuti aenda kuburikidza Kievan Rus, kuitwa chiKristu yakanga. Izvi zvakaitika muna 988, paitonga Vladimira Svyatoslavicha. Muchinda uyu aida kusiya yechihedheni kutenda uye awane vatsigiri vatsva. sarudzo yake ikawira Christian Byzantine Empire, izvo kubva ipapo Russia taumba pedyo chaizvo ukama. The kusarudza pokutenda kukanganisa nyika nhoroondo kusvikira mazuva ano. Muna 1054 pasi rose chechi yechiKristu akambosanganawo schism kukuru, pashure izvo Patriarch weConstantinople uye Pope anotengesa mumwe rushambwa. Russian mamiriro akaramba Orthodox, uye mushure mokuparara Byzantium ari XV remakore, waivawo muzinda nyika Orthodoxy.

Tanga kusabatana

Under Vladimir (978-1015) sezvo feuds rokutanga ratanga. Kievan Rus 'yapinda munguva enyika kusabatana. Izvi zvakanga zvakajairika kuti zvose European Ages rinoti.

Pamutemo, zvaitika nokuda hurongwa yokugara umo muchinda kufa aifanira kugoverana simba rake pakati pavanakomana vake, rimwe nerimwe of facto akava yakazvimirira mutongi. The kusabatana raiva zvakadzama nezvikonzero zvoupfumi. Rich maguta mari wezvokutengeserana uye omunharaunda zviwanikwa, zvaisazova omurume wacho Kiev.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Russia yekare akanzwawo ichatonga zvine mbiri apo Yaroslav mwanakomana Vladimir (1015-1054). Iye pakupedzisira akakwanisa kukunda hama dzake uye kuva mutongi bedzi munyika. Zvisinei, navanakomana vake nevazukuru ehurumende ari kuramba kuparara. Machinda Russia aisada kuteerera woumambo Kiev. Kune zvitsva nzvimbo enyika: Chernigov, Rostov, Polotsk, Galich, Smolensk, etc. pachine nevamwe Veliky Novgorod, izvo ravanofanira basa rinokosha veche - Assembly vanhu, iro rinowanzoshandurwa vaishora simba yomuchinda ...

XII remakore

Muzana XII remakore rakasvika pakupedzisira kusabatana Russia. Muna 1136 iri Republican hurongwa paakagadzwa muna Novgorod. Kubva panguva iyi vatongi akagamuchira simba riri zvokuwedzera hwaro, kwete nhaka, sezvo dzimwe nyika. Zvakafanana musimboti akaita muPskov. Imwe nzvimbo inokosha yaiva kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva Russia. Nhoroondo yacho pakukura chokuita nezita Yuriya Dolgorukogo (uyo akafa muna 1157). Kana rakavakwa Moscow, uye maguta chinokosha munyika yave kukura uye Suzdal.

mwanakomana wake Andrew Bogolyubskii akamutsa muzinda itsva - Vladimir-on-Klyazma. Uyewo naye 1168, mubatanidzwa machinda kubva munyika vakabata Kiev, achibva pakupedzisira vakarasika ayo political kukosha. The kusabatana Russia yakanga pamwe nguva hondo muArabhu vaigara kumaodzanyemba steppes. Chokutanga raiva Pechenegs ari XII remakore nzvimbo yavo rakatorwa Polovtsy. madzinza Turkic zvakasiyana militancy. Inowanzorimwa kazhinji kubirwa Russia. Nhoroondo uku chinonyanya kuvazivisa March Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor muna 1185. Nhoroondo iyi kundikana pokurwa vakaumba hwaro kupfuura kare Monument mabhuku mutauro wokuRussia "Lay."

The Mongol kubvuta

Old nzira rakabhuroka apo nzvimbo akauya Polovtsian Mongol mapoka. nyika yavo yakanga Pribaikalskaya inowanzorimwa. The kunozivikanwa Genghis Khan akakunda dzakawanda Asia, kusanganisira China. muzukuru wake Batu Khan vakatora mushandirapamwe muEurope. On nzira yake vaiva vatongi Russia.

Nokuda kusabatana uye kushaya Kufambisa necheSalvic vatongi vakanga vasingagoni kurera uto kuti aigona expostulate eMongolia. Mumakore 1237-1240. Horde vashatisa zvikuru maguta anenge zvose Russian kunze Novgorod, rakanga zvakare kure kuchamhembe. Kubvira ipapo, machinda necheSalvic vakava vabati vechibharo kuna eMongolia. Mune steppes of Volga Zolotaya Orda zvakanzi zvakasikwa. khans ayo kwete chete akaunganidzawo mutero, asi akapawo kunotoda kutonga, vachiramba mitsipa vatongi, havana kufanana.

Panguva iyoyo vari kuBaltic States vakanga Catholic nemauto yemamongi mirairo. Pope akaronga makrusedhi pamusoro vahedheni uye infidels. Saka pakanga ari wokuLivonia Order. Chimwe ngozi yakanga kumadokero Sweden. Mune ichi nezvimwe Russian pakusava sevapanduki. Vavengi vakaramba Muchinda Novgorod, Alexander. Muna 1240 akakunda Hondo Neva, uye makore maviri gare gare - ari Ice.

Kusanganisa Russia

Kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva uye Great Russia akava musimboti hondo kuzorwa eMongolia. kupikiswa ichi rinotungamirirwa machinda Moscow duku. Pakutanga, vakakwanisa kuwana kodzero yokubhadharisa mitero kubva dzose Russian. Saka, chikamu chemari inopedzisira Moscow muchivigiro. Kana vaunganidza simba zvakakwana Dmitry Donskoy akanga ane pakachena kunetsana pamwe khans Yechinwiwa Horde. Muna 1380, mauto ake akakunda Mamai.

Asi pasinei Kubudirira ichi, mumwe remakore Muscovite vatongi nguva akaripa mutero. Chete pashure vakamira Ugra muna 1480 joko rakanga pakupedzisira akadonha. Panguva iyoyowo, pasi Ivan III, anenge dzose Russian vakanga vakabatana dzakapoteredza Moscow, kusanganisira Novgorod. Muna muna 1547 muzukuru wake, Ivan Grozny akatora musoro mambo, waiva mugumo nyaya muchinda Russia uye kutanga itsva youmambo Russia.