Gas deveteve: uye kushandisa fomura

The kupukunyuka gasi kubva pasi reservoirs - Marsh gasi odorous (more Generic zita - methane). Kubva esayenzi maonero izvozvo siyana, hydrogenous kana methyl. Vakawanda chinosanganisira methane (CH _4). Kungavawo varipo, senitrogen, argon, sehydrogen, phosphine uye carbon dioxide.

Key zvinhu

Standard sezvamunoita, kemikari payakavakirwa Marsh gasi - izvi zvose rinonyatsoratidza kuti ndeye nyore kabhoni yeimwe. Around chaikosha ichi dzikarongwa asara zvinoriumba. Marsh gasi kunoitika sezvingatarisirwa ari akasununguka ezvinhu sezvo musanganiswa pamwe carbon dioxide inobvisa kana senitrogen. It kunoitika nokuda manyowa pane makemikari zvinhu. Kazhinji, zvinonzi vakateyiwa pasi mvura uye kunyimwa kuwana mhepo chirimwa.

Coal migodhi - imwe nzvimbo aumba combustible nomumachakwi gasi. Iye rinoungana pakati pamatombo mushure manyowa pane makemikari residues. Izvi akwanise vakawanda voids. magasi akadaro dzigadzire apo Zvakangoitikawo buri yomuka.

nzvimbo dzidzo

Pasinei zita rayo zvakanaka inonzwisisika, murove gasi (kana kuti, methane) anomira panze kunyange kubva pasi makatsemuka pedyo neminda mafuta. Okutanga nyaya dzakadaro dzakanga muUnited States of America, pamahombekombe ari Allegheny River, uyewo Russia muna reCaspian mudunhu. In Baku, nechikonzero ichi, kwenguva yakareba kwaiva ngano pamusoro chakavanzika zviedza panzvimbo Baku. Zvakasikwa vakanga hwakakanyiwa carbon dioxide, senitrogen uye mafuta vapor murove gasi.

With kukura bhizimisi uye michina migodhi, vanhu vakadzidza kuoresa kusunungura methane. The fekitari yokutanga yakadaro akaonekwa Pennsylvania. Marsh gasi kunoratidzwa muna inopfurwa dzose, izvozvo zvinogona kuonekwa chero doro kana dziva. Kazhinji, nokuti izvi nyore kubata tsvimbo kuti sludge. Zvadaro, gasi matema kuyangarara vakananga mvura pamusoro.

Hwaro murove gasi

Paumbwe imwe huru pakuderedza rwokuzvarwa gasi (methane) rubatsiro utachiona. Nokuda kwavo, izvozvo rinotanga chinovira zvirimwa faibha, uchibatsira chimiro methane. Yakaisvo-methane anodavirwa kuti maitiro mumadhaka anoputika muna Absheron uye Kerch Peninsula.

Uyezve, unovapo pakati munyu deposits, namatsime fumaroles - mwena uye makatsemuka, izvo riri mujinga anoputika. Methane aripo ari munhu dumbu. zvigadzirwa zvayo zvinosanganisira nedzinovengwa vamwe mhuka. Mumwe wokutanga rakanyorwa uchapupu nezvenyaya iyi inogona kunzi mabasa antiikki munyori Pliny anotaura gaseous combustible yeimwe.

explosiveness

Vazhinji murove gasi unozikamwa rake rokuparadza zvivako. Kana kuvesa ari musanganiswa pamwe mhepo, kwahunokonzera kuputika. Chikonzero ichi ndivo ehupfumi kuti methane. Nokuputika nomumachakwi gasi uye zvakafanana yeimwe kare zvakatyisa vanhu, kutsanangura zvakanga zvichiitika mashura. Zvikonzero anomaly rakava pachena chete pashure kudzidza chiitiko ichi dzesayenzi.

Marsh gasi, methane nezvimwe putika remubatanidzwa chakaita vanhu kugadzira Davy Lamp. Raishandiswa zvose marshes uye mumigodhi yemarasha. In rambi ichi combustion zvigadzirwa vanobviswa ne grid chinokosha kuburikidza iyo kudzivirira kubata kuvesa of combustible gasi musanganiswa.

History yakawanikwa

nomupiro Great kuti adzidze nomumachakwi gasi (methane), akasuma rokuItari musayendisiti Alessandro Volta. Muna 1776, akaratidza kuti nefuma rakasiyana rehydrogen, sezvo inoda kaviri kupfuura okisijeni nokuda combustion. Uyezve, Volta kwatemwa kuti Marsh gasi - ndimo carbonic acid.

Italian methane akawana pamuganhu Switzerland uye Italy, pedyo Lake Maggiore. Kufemera nokuti musayendisiti kwaiva nyaya Musayendisiti American uye wezvematongerwo enyika Benjamin Franklin pamusoro Chiitiko kuti "mhepo-mafuta". Volta rokutanga vakagamuchira methane achiunganidza gasi chaibwinya doro.

mberi tsvakurudzo

Other inokosha dzinongoitika chakajairika Vanotsvakurudza vari kemisiti French Klod Bertolle uye British kemisiti Uilyam Genri. The wokupedzisira kwavari 1805 akaronga Zvinoumba nomumachakwi gasi uye kutsaura kubva ethylene (Yaunoti gasi maslorodnogo).

Chirahwe putika fuma yakavanzwa yayo inokosha zvinoriumba - methane. Zvakange kunotsanangurwa sechiedza yeHydrocarbon gasi (kusiyana anorema yeHydrocarbon kuti ethylene gasi). Nokufamba kwenguva akagadzirisa mumwe izwi - hydrogenous methyl. Henry akaramba achidzidza Dzhon Dalton uye Jens Jakob Berzelius.

Muna 1813, kuti Chirungu kemisiti uye geologist Gemfri Devi vakaongorora firedamp uye vakagumisa kuti pfuma - musanganiswa methane, carbon dioxide uye senitrogen. Saka zvakanzi zvakaratidza kuti combustible musanganiswa asunungurwa mumigodhi, zvakajekeswa akafanana musanganiswa pamusoro marshes.

Sei nharaunda

Mamirire murove gasi methane kunoitika pamusana zvimwe nemakemikari. Wokutanga chakaoma DISTILLATION pamusoro makemikari nyaya (zvakadai peat kana huni). Mishonga yakaisvonaka methane rakagadzirwa ne manyowa tsinkmetila mvura (Saka dzikabereka zingi oxide). Nhasi, fuma iyi chinokwezva dzezvakatipoteredza nokuda kubatanidzwa yaro paumbwe inokudza maturo zvizhinji. Izvi imhaka kuunganidza methane mumhepo. Marsh gasi absorbs chafariz nemwaranzi ari michini spectral nharaunda. By parameter ichi zviri wechipiri chete yakachena carbon dioxide. Dzezvakatipoteredza vanoongorora mupiro methane ari kunowedzera girinihausi kushanda muna vanenge 30%.

Properties, akafanana, kemikari payakavakirwa nomumachakwi gasi ava akadzidza ari kudzidza kukanganisa kwayo pamusoro kuitika redu. The dzinongoitika nhamba, yakabereka pachisikirwo, akanga asina ngozi sezvo mhaka girinihausi maturo. Zvisinei, dambudziko riripo pakuti hombe yakawanda methane mumhepo kubudikidza mhosva vanhu pachavo. Analogue Marsh gasi anobudiswa panguva mafekitari siyana. Izvi anonzi abiotic methane. Mumwe rikaitika marshes, vaiona biogenic - kuti yomuka somugumisiro kusanduka makemikari nyaya.

methanogenesis

Biosynthesis kuti methane (saka panowanikwa doro gasi) anonziwo methanogenesis. Izvi kunosanganisa Archaea utachiona. Vane Kurovedza, zvichireva vanokwanisa kubereka simba upenyu, pasina vanoda okisijeni. Archaea havana Kamudzira organelles uye mwoyo.

Utachiona chamutsa methane, kudzorera mumwe-kabhoni remubatanidzwa nomukombiyuta kabhoni-kabhoni yeimwe uye alcohols. Imwe nzira - disproportionation acetate. The vanowanika simba iri rinochinjwa kwemabhakitiriya enzayemu ATP synthase. In methanogenesis zvaisanganisira siyana mamorekuru: coenzymes, methanofuran, tetragidrometanopterin nezvimwewo ...

methanogens

Science anoziva 17 genera uye 50 mhando archaea inokwanisa generating chawo doro gasi. Zvinoumba chinyakare zvipuka zvine masero akawanda dzaitongwa. Chinonyanya vadzidza Gene akafanana archaea - Methanosarcina acetivorans. Vari vatendeukira kuna acetates uye methane , carbon monoxide, kushandisa makemikari atsetatkinazy uye phosphotransacetylase. Panewo dzidziso yokuti archaea izvi kare raigona pachishandurwa kuva thioester, chero kuti ipapo mumadhaka ane mukuru wevasungwa nesimbi sulfide.

Chikonzero dondo moto

At yakakwana kuwanda achine uye Marsh gasi, vozgorevshis kungaita huru dzinongoitika peat uye dondo moto. Nhasi, kune zvakawanda yose kurwa kwakadaro mananara. Special mabasa mufambiro richiona pamusoro gasi kupfuura waterlogged nzvimbo. Ndivo mhosva kudzivirirwa uye kutonga quantitative ratios yenhengo gasi vanokwanisa ngozi.

Somuenzaniso, mumwe wetlands iri Moscow nharaunda iri kumabvazuva Shatursky nzvimbo. In mvura yaro akapfuma hove (kabhu, knot, gobies, kabhu, Pike, kabhu), newts, matatya, nyoka, muskrats, shiri (herons, bitterns, waders, duck). Mapfupa mhuka idzi aive phosphorus. It chinogadzirwa nemabhakitiriya, saka pane zvakawanda zvimwe zvinhu. diphosphine ichi uye phosphine. Ndivo initiators chikuru ngetani maitiro vaingoerekana combustion. Hwatanga uyu nenzira moto - haisi dambudziko zvakatipoteredza. Kubva moto uchipfuta ari marshes, kwete chete masango asiwo peat bogs. Fire anogona kupararira yakadzika mavari. peat kwakadaro kunogona kupisa yose kwemakore.

In Russia hune vanenge zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zviri wetlands zvenyika. Vanosanganira nechepakati European chikamu Russia, Western kuSiberia uye Kamchatka. The zvachose nzvimbo wetlands muRussia - hectares vanenge mamiriyoni 340, 210 iyo akafukidzwa dondo viomak. Most negasi zvose anogadzirwa yezhizha. In munguva rimwe zuva munzvimbo imwe hectare angamira inenge maviri uye makirogiramu nehafu methane.

Kudyidzana pamwe okisijeni uye kuiisa chlorine

Natural Marsh gasi, ane kemikari payakavakirwa - CH _4, paive anopisa akacheneruka luminous womoto. Nokufema hwakasimba pamwe zvinoda panzvimbo kuvesa ari musanganiswa ine 7.8 zvemaBhaibheri mhepo uye 2 Vhoriyamu okisijeni. Gas zvishoma soluble mumvura (kusiyana doro). It zvaanoita chete chete halogens.

By maitiro kuiisa chlorine gasi marudzi nomumachakwi methyl chloride CH ₃ Cl. Izvi zvinhu akanga vakazvigadzirirwa mumarabhoritari nzira. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, hydrochloride gasi wakapfuurira imwe Kubika mhinduro doro uye metilnogo yakanyungudutswa zingi chloride. Zvinoguma Hauoneki gasi, izvo dzinoratidzwa inofadza kunhuwa Eteri pamwe chinonhuwira kuravira. Under kumanikidzwa simba kana kutonhora, izvozvo condenses rive mvura.

Kushandiswa uye nezviito vane halogens

Methane (Marsh gasi), iyo nzira uye kushandiswa sezvo rinochiwedzera akadzidza mu chirongwa chikoro vachishingaira interacts pamwe halogens. Somugumisiro, izvi zvinhu kuzvitsinhanisa siyana anobudiswa zvinotevera yeimwe: bromide, chloride, fluoride, chloride uye fluoride. Wokupedzisira wavo wokutanga yaunganidzwa Russian kemisiti Aleksandrom Butlerovym. Methyl iodide - zvakasimba refracting chiedza yellowish zvokunwa. Its Kubika tembiricha - 180 ° C.

Sezvo ainzi Marsh gasi, zvakazara akazova halogens? Izvi kabhoni tetrachloride. Chakazarurwa nokuda kemisiti French Anri Reno muna 1839. Imvura ine maitiro Spicy munhuhwi. It ane rufimbi nomugumisiro. Chimwe zvakafanana fuma - kabhoni tetrabromide. Zvinonzi zvikaramba kubva madota zvomumvura zvirimwa.

Health Njodzi

Roga, nomumachakwi methane iri physiologically isingakuvadzi. Nderake asiri muchetura Paraffin Mahydrocarbon. Ichi boka zvinhu kunoratidzwa nemakemikari inertness uye pasi solubility neropa plasma. Mhepo ine mukuru Kuwanda nomumachakwi gasi anogona kuuraya chete kana vachaona kusava okisijeni.

Initial zviratidzo kubitirirwa (asphyxia) richiratidzwa vari kugutsikana 30% methane. Muchiitiko chino, kuwedzera Vhoriyamu afemeruke, kwemwoyo unoraramisa, zvakashatirisa Kufambisa kuti tsandanyama masangano. Asi mukana nyaya dzakadaro iduku kwazvo. Chokwadi kuti methane iri vakareruka kupfuura mhepo, iyo haabvumiri kuti kuunganidza zvakawanda zvikuru.

Panguva iyoyowo, vaongorori vanoti zviri kuitwa doro gasi pamusoro womunhu psyche kuti chiito nokuda diethyl Eteri. A ndozvinoitawo inogona kwaenzaniswa ane marwadzo. Muvanhu, refu nguva aishanda mumigodhi rurefu Kuwanda methane, anotaura kuchinja mune autonomic tsinga (hypotension, zvakanaka oculocardiac dzepanguva uye zvichingodaro. D.).