Hydrogen bhomba. History kwezvisikwa ane chombo simba

Mukupera 30-ies wekupedzisira remakore mu Europe vane mitemo kupesana uye kuora dzakafukurwa namakemikari chaikosha uranium exchange, rehydrogen bhomba kubva muchikwata che ingano ikava chokwadi. Nhoroondo kukura renyukireya Zvinofadza uye uchiri inonakidza makwikwi pakati munyika yesayenzi zvinogona: Nazi Germany, Soviet Union neUnited States. Bhomba simba zvikuru, uyo Kurota pakuva chero State izvo haana chete nezvombo, asiwo enyika simba chokushandisa. Nyika yakanga vayo zvombo, chokwadi akava-simba rose uye anogona kudzora mitemo.

Hydrogen bhomba ine nhoroondo yokusika, iyo inobva mitemo wefizikisi, dzinova Fusion rikurumidze. Pakutanga rakatumidzwa zvisiri zvenyukireya, uye chikonzero raiva kusaziva. Muna 1938, mumwe musayendisiti bethe, akazova akahwina mubayiro weNobel, akashanda ari rakagadzirwa nevanhu simba panobva - uranium exchange fission. nguva ino, zvakanga yepamusoro basa esayenzi yefizikisi zhinji, uye pakati pavo paiva maonero kuti zvakavanzika zvesayenzi arege kuvapo zvachose, sezvo pakutanga mitemo nesayenzi vari munyika yose.

Tichingotarisa, hydrogen bhomba yagadzirwa asi ikozvino achibatsirwa pakati vagadziri aifanira kuwana rwokugadzira siyana. Yakaramba chete zvokurongedza nayo imwe goko uye kuwana simba. Pane nyanzvi mbiri mazita vachakudzwa nokusingaperi kwakabatana pakusikwa zvombo simba: United States ndiyo - Edward Teller, uye muna USSR - Andrei Sakharov.

Muna US yenyukireya dambudziko sezvo mangwanani sezvo 1942 akatanga kudzidza yefizikisi Edward Teller. By zvarayirwa Garri Trumena, panguva iyo US President, panyaya iyi yakanakisisa masayendisiti munyika, ivo ndakasika chombo vangasimudzira itsva kuparadzwa. Uyezve, murayiro nehurumende chaiva anobhomba simba haana shoma matani mamiriyoni TNT kupfuura. Teller rehydrogen bhomba akasikwa uye kuratidzwa kuti vanhu vari paHiroshima neNagasaki, ayo yokuvamutsa, asi kukwanisa kuparadza.

Rakanga paHiroshima bhomba, izvo rairema matani 4,5 zviri uranium exchange tigutsikane kg 100. kuputika Izvi hwaienzanirana kusvika 12.500 matani TNT. The guta Japanese pamusoro Nagasaki plutonium bhomba obliterated chete uremu, asi ane nerokuti 20 000 matani TNT.

Future Soviet academician Andrei Sakharov muna 1948, pana tsvakurudzo yake, akapa pamasikiro hydrogen bhomba pasi zita RDS-6. tsvakurudzo ake rabuda munzvimbo pamatavi maviri: wokutanga akanzi "kamwe" (RDS-6s), uye chaiva zvakakurumbira mabhomba vebasa kuti runopoteredza akaturikidzana chiedza uye inorema okunze. Bazi rechipiri - "mutopota" kana (RDS-6t) mairi plutonium bhomba iri mvura deuterium. Zvadaro, munhu anokosha zvikuru zvakawanikwa raitwa kuratidza kuti vatungamirire 'nenyere "chinhu akafa magumo.

The uchishandisa nhungamiro hydrogen bhomba riri sezvinotevera: mukati wokutanga goko rinoputika HB vebasa iyo parura ari Fusion maitiro kunoitika somugumisiro Nyuturoni nokupenya. Kana izvi zviri pamwe nokubudiswa kupisa izvo zvakakodzera kuti humwe Fusion. Neutrons kutanga bombardment liner kubva lithium deuteride, uye iniwo ndizvo pasi wakananga kukanganiswa neutrons iri rwakakamukana zvinhu zviviri, tritium nehelium. Rakashandiswa fiyuzi renyukireya yokuva zvinodiwa zvinoumba ari kwetunhu kare dzinofambiswa bhomba. Ndiwo musimboti zvakaoma kudaro hydrogen bhomba. Shure kwaizvozvo rokutanga matanho kunotanga zvakananga yenyukireya maitiro ari musanganiswa deuterium uye tritium. Panguva ino mune bhomba zvakawanda kunowedzera tembiricha, uye kwetunhu kunosanganisira kuwedzera uwandu rehydrogen. Kana vanotevera nzira yokuita izvi, dzichimhanya chiito anganzi pakarepo.

Naizvozvo, masayendisiti haana vakashandisa kwetunhu nuclei vavo kupesana. Mune fission rimwe tani kuti uranium exchange kwakaita simba yakaenzana 18 Mt. bhomba akadaro ane zvikuru kukwanisa. Bhomba simba kupfuura, akasikwa kubudikidza vanhu, vaiva Soviet Union. Iye kunyange vakapinda Guinness Book of Records. Nokufema Its akanga akaenzana 57 (anenge) megatons fuma TNT. Yakanga nokupfutidza muna 1961 muna Novaya Zemlya zvitsuwa nharaunda.