Uranium exchange ndiyo makemikari Kufananidzira: nhoroondo kuwanikwa fission zvenyukireya uye kuita

Nyaya rinotaura pamusoro apo ichi kwemakemikari chaikosha sezvayakawanikwa sezvo uranium exchange, uye chii maindasitiri mazuva ano vakashandisa fuma iyi.

Uranium exchange - makemikari chinhu simba uye uto indasitiri

Nguva dzose vanhu vakaedza kuwana mukuru-simba, uye Zvakanakisa - kusika Yaunoti nokusingaperi inofamba muchina. Zvinosuruvarisa nekusagona kwayo kuvapo hunonzi nekusimba uye isimbiswe ari XIX remakore, asi masayendisiti achiri kumborasa tariro pakuziva hope ine mudziyo zvimwe mhando kuti aizokwanisa ape yokuwanda simba "zvakachena" kwenguva refu kwazvo nguva.

Izvi pamwe vakakwanisa kuziva pamwe kuwanikwa munhu pfuma akadai uranium exchange. A makemikari chinhu pamwe akapiwa zita yaiva hwaro pave zvenyukireya reactors, izvo zviri kupa simba nokuda guta rose, Ngarava dzepasi pemvura, ngarava polar uye zvichingodaro. Chokwadi, "kuchena" simba ravo hazvigoni zita, asi mumakore achangopfuura, makambani akawanda kukura nokuda zvavo Sale tsindirana "zvenyukireya mabhatiri" pahwaro tritium - havana zvinofamba migove, uye vane ngozi utano.

Zvisinei, munyaya ino isu ichaongorora muudzame nhoroondo kuwanikwa makemikari Kufananidzira inonzi uranium exchange fission maitiro uye ayo tsanga.

tsananguro

Uranium exchange - makemikari chaikosha kuti ane mabhomba nhamba 92 mu periodic table. simba renyukireya riri pakurema kwayo ndiko 238,029. Rinoratidza chiratidzo U. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, ndiwo gobvu, weheavy metal sirivha. Kana isu kutaura radioactivity zvayo, uranium exchange pacharo - chinhu pamwe simba radioactivity. Uyewo, hapana kuva sezvamunoita kwayo zvachose kugadzikana isotopes. Uye kupfuura mudanga aripo isotope uranium exchange-338 anonzi.

Kuitira kuti chii chinoumba ari chinhu, isu mawana panze, uye ikozvino kutarisa nhoroondo chichikosha.

nyaya

fuma akadaro, akadai dzinongoitika uranium exchange oxide, aizivikanwa vanhu kubva kare, uye akashandisa vatenzi vake kare kuti pagadzirwe glazes, inotaura siyana zvehari midziyo mvura nemishonga nezvimwe zvigadzirwa, uyewo avo kushongedzwa.

An Musi chinokosha munhoroondo kuwanikwa ichi kwemakemikari maatomu akafanana akava 1789. Yakanga iri kemisiti uye wokuGermany-akaberekerwa Martin Klaproth wakagona wokutanga metalloobrazny uranium exchange. Uye zita rayo raiva chinhu chitsva vachikudza hwomukova makore masere adarika pasi.

Zvisinei anenge makore 50 vakawana apo uranium exchange kwainzi wakachena simbi,, muna 1840 kuti kemisiti French Eugène-Peligot Melkor akakwanisa kuti mashoko yaunganidzwa Klaproth, kunyange yakakodzera zvokunze zviratidzo, kwete simbi, uye uranium exchange oxide. Papera chinguva, vose Ndozvakaitawo Peligot uranium exchange - rinorema kwazvo simbi pfumbu. Yakanga kokutanga uye mabhomba kurema nefuma akanga akatsunga uranium exchange. Chemical chaikosha pakuiswa Dmitri Mendeleev yake yakakurumbira nguva nenguva hurongwa zvinhu muna 1874, pamwe Mendeleev nekaviri mabhomba kurema pfuma kaviri. Yakanga chete pashure pemakore 12 akanga empirically nekusimba kuti kemisiti kukuru haana kukanganisa Masvomhu dzavo.

radioactivity

Asi kunyatsofarira ichi rakafara chikamu masayendisiti akatanga muna 1896, apo Becquerel akaziva kuti uranium exchange inongorira mwaranzi, izvo vakanga mazita aiongorora - Becquerel mwaranzi. Gare gare, mumwe yakakurumbira masayendisiti munzvimbo iyi - Mariya Kyuri, rinonzi Fani iyi radioactivity.

Rinotevera musi unokosha kudzidza uranium exchange anoonekwa kuti muna 1899: ndipo Rutherford vakaona kuti uranium exchange nemwaranzi haisi yunifomu rakakamurwa mhando mbiri - Arufa Beta mwaranzi. Kwapera gore, Pol Villar (Viyyar) akazarura uye wechitatu, wokupedzisira tinoziva kuti musi mhando nemwaranzi - vanonzi wegamma mwaranzi.

Makore manomwe gare gare, muna 1906, Rutherford kunobva dzidziso yake radioactivity vakapfuudzira kuedza wokutanga, chinangwa rakanga kuona makore zvicherwa siyana. Zvidzidzo izvi nheyo, kusanganisira paumbwe dzidziso uye kuita radiocarbon kuongorora.

Fission kuti uranium exchange

Asi zvichida revane yokutanga, iyo zvave zvikuru uranium exchange mugodhi uye pakugaya zvose rehurumende uye vemauto zvinangwa - ndiwo muitiro womunhu fission yenyukireya kuti uranium exchange. Zvino muna 1938, ari chakawanikwa kunze mauto yefizikisi German Otto gana uye Fritz Strassmann. Gare gare dzidziso iyi hwakasimbiswa mumabasa esayenzi yefizikisi anoverengeka German.

The mashandiro rakawanikwa navo akanga sezvinotevera: kana tsanga irradiated uranium exchange-235 isotope Nyuturoni, ipapo rwakabata vakasununguka Nyuturoni, rwunotanga kugovera. Uye, sezvo tose ikozvino kuziva, ichi muitiro achabatsirwa pakaitwa simba. Izvi kunoitika kunonyanya nokuda kinetic simba pamusoro mwaranzi, musimboti zvimedu. Saka zvino tinoziva kuti fission kuti uranium exchange.

Kuwanikwa mashandiro ichi uye ahwo, uye ndipo pokutangira kuti kushandiswa uranium exchange iri rehurumende uye uto zvinangwa.

Kana isu kutaura kushandiswa kwayo zvinangwa zvechiuto, kokutanga dzidziso anogona kusika zvinhu chakadaro mutoo, sezvo chinoramba maitiro uranium exchange fission (sezvo kuchera bhomba renyukireya kunoda zvikuru simba), akaratidza nenzira Soviet yefizikisi Zeldovich uye Khariton. Asi kuti pave chakadaro maitiro, kuti uranium exchange anofanira yemwoyo, sapamazuva ake dzose ezvinhu zvinodiwa zvivako risingabereki nhaka.

With nhoroondo Kufananidzira ichi taverenga, zvino tiri namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara, apo iye aishanda.

Kushandiswa uye mhando uranium exchange isotopes

Pashure kuwanikwa munhu kwacho zvakadai, somunhu zvingaitwa uranium exchange fission cheni, yefizikisi vakatanga kubvunzana apo kurishandisa?

Pari zvino pane zviviri huru apo kushandisa uranium exchange isotopes. Hazvina rugare (kana simba) bhizimisi uye muchiuto. Vose rokutanga uye rechipiri anoshandisa zvakaitwa fission kwenyukireya kuti uranium exchange-235 isotope, anosiyana chete goho simba. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, pane imwe reactor kwenyukireya haumanikidzwi kusika uye kutsigira izvi pamwe chete vachikwanisa sezvo anodiwa kuita nokuputika bhomba yenyukireya.

Saka, vakanga vari mainyanya kuti kushandisa uranium exchange fission zvakaitwa.

Asi kuwana isotope uranium exchange-235 - zvakaoma zvikuru uye kudhura kwezvinhu dambudziko, uye kwete ose nyika mari kuvaka processing zvirimwa. Somuenzaniso, nokuti matani makumi maviri uranium exchange huni, sezvamakaropafadzwa zviri uranium exchange 235 isotope pakati 3-5% kuva, zvinoda matani anopfuura 153 kubva vafumiswa rwokuzvarwa, "mbishi" uranium exchange.

uranium exchange-238 isotope dzinowanzotsigi- kushandiswa pakuvaka Zano zvombo zvenyukireya kuwedzera pakukwanisa kwayo. Uyewo, kana rinoburitsa mumwe Nyuturoni kunoteverwa nedanho Beta kuora pamusoro isotope ichi vanogona pakupedzisira mudzoke kunyika plutonium-239 - vanowanzochema huni dzakawanda zvenyukireya reactors vanhasi.

Pasinei zvose zvikanganiso reactors dzakadaro (kudhura, kunzwisisa hanya, mukana mutsaona), kushanda kwavo kubhadhara pacharo nokukurumidza, uye simba kuti zvibereko riri husina kupfuura dzenhoroondo chafariz kana Hydroelectric simba.

Uyewo, kuti uranium exchange fission maitiro anobvumirwa kutanga zvenyukireya zvombo zvinoparadza. It kunoratidzwa simba guru achiri chiine kuti anokwanisa kuita zvakawanda kukodzera kuti igarwe nevanhu nyika. Zvisinei, mazuva ano zvombo zvenyukireya anoshandiswa plutonium pane uranium exchange.

kwezvinoshandiswa uranium exchange

Panewo kwakadaro mhando uranium exchange iri kwezvinoshandiswa. It kunoratidzwa yakaderera chaizvo kwevari radioactivity uye saka haana ngozi kuvanhu. Akashandisa zvakare muchiuto bhora Somuenzaniso, zviri yebhasera zvombo "Abrams" American tangi kuti ape zvakawanda nhare. Uyezve, vanenge vose yepamusorosoro mauto anogona kusangana zvakasiyana siyana zvombo pamwe kwezvinoshandiswa uranium exchange. Kuwedzera dzakakwirira uremu, vane chimwezve anonakidza chepfungwa - pashure pokuparadzwa ake goko splinters uye simbi Nezvakakuyiwa vesa nomuzvarirwo. Uye nenzira, kekutanga kwakadaro chombo waishandiswa munguva Second World War. Sezvatinogona kuona, uranium exchange - okunze kuti dzave kushandiswa muminda mabasa evanhu akasiyana.

mhedziso

Masayendisiti kufungidzira kuti kumativi 2030 vaneta chose zvose mikuru uranium exchange deposits, uye ipapo uchatanga kukura kwayo zvakaoma-akaturikidzana, uye mutengo ichamuka. Nzira, uranium exchange mhangura iri zvachose hazvikuvadzi vanhu - zvimwe miners achishanda kugadzirwa kwayo kwezvizvarwa. Zvino isu kunzwisisa nhoroondo yawanikwa zvine maatomu akafanana, uye sei kushandisa ayo zvenyukireya fission kuita.

Zviya, inonakidza chokwadi anozivikanwa - uranium exchange yeimwe yagara kushandiswa sezvo pendi kuti porcelain negirazi (anonzi uranium exchange girazi) kusvikira 1950s.