Chii mafungiro? Definition. How kutanga kufunga: danho nedanho gwaro

An chinokosha choupenyu hwevanhu mafungiro. Definition of pfungwa rakapiwa kare. mubvunzo uyu masayendisiti vanofarira nevafungi nguva dzose. Uye Fani iyi haisi zvachose kudzidza zvevakomana.

History yokudzidza pfungwa

Dzimwe nguva dzose, masayendisiti kuziva chinonakidza kufunga. Definition of pfungwa iyi yakapiwa kare. Cherechedzai rwakabhadharwa kuziva musimboti zvisingaoneki mananara. Muzivi Parmenides aiva wokutanga wakamutsa nyaya. Kuti vanhu chikwereti iye chimiro pfungwa dzakadai chokwadi uye mafungiro.

Little zvakasiyana vaiona mubvunzo Plato. Aidavira kuti mafungiro - chinoratidza yepasi pose sangano kuti ane mweya yevanhu zvakasikwa mumuviri yepasi. Aidavira kuti aisava rokusika basa, uye kubereka rinoedza "yeuka" zivo yakanga "kukanganwa". Pasinei asi tarenda nharo, kureva Plato rwunoverengerwa kudzidza pfungwa dzakadai kunzwisisa.

Aristotle akapa kwazvo tsanangudzo chokwadi kuti mhando iyi mafungiro. Kutsunga zvaisanganisira Mapato akadai kutongwa uye kufunga. Muzivi vakatanga sainzi rose - zvisingarambiki. Zvadaro, vanonzi "kufunga muchina" akasikwa pahwaro pakutsvakurudza ake Raymond Lully.

Descartes akaziva kufunga somunhu muchikwata yomudzimu, uye huru nzira zivo vaiona zvakanyatsorongwa mibvunzo. Spinoza, akavapindurawo, vaidavira kuti chimwe kwadzinoita kuita chaiko. Kant inonyanyoshandiswa munorumbidzirweiko raiva weboka pfungwa iri chakaita zvokugadzirwa uye Analytical.

Kufunga: tsanangudzo

The pezvakaitwa kuitika hwomunhu, nguva dzose vafarire zvikuru. Naizvozvo, pane zvakawanda dzidziso pamusoro pemhando mafungiro. Kutsunga rinoratidza zvinotevera: ichi zvishande basa, izvo kuitwa nomunhu. Iyi ndiyo nzira rudzi maonero uye kuratidzwa chokwadi.

The chikuru nokuda kwebasa pfungwa - ndiyo pfungwa (kungazviratidza muchimiro ruzivo, pfungwa, pfungwa, kana nezvimwe). Hatifaniri kufunga izvi chete kutekenyedzwa. Kufunga, maererano masayendisiti, chinofanira chete kumunhu, asi pfungwa zvaanonzwisisa vane mhuka ezasi zvipenyu sangano.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoratidza kuti unhu mafungiro. Tsanangudzo iyi izwi kunopa kodzero kutaura chokwadi kuti anopa mashoko pamusoro avo mananara kuti hazvigoni panoonekwa zvakananga kuonana. Saka, pane ukama kufunga unyanzvi Analytical.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kukwanisa munhu kufunga anoratidzwa zvishoma nezvishoma, pamwe kukura wacho. Saka, kana murume wacho zivo mutauro dzemunharaunda, kunyanya zvakatipoteredza uye zvimwe noupenyu siyana, rwunotanga kutora zvitsva siyana uye zvakadzama nezvaanoreva.

zviratidzo mafungiro

Thinking ane nhamba hwekutsanangura unhu. The huru ndeizvi:

• Izvi zvinobvumira nyaya pfungwa mu interdisciplinary pakukurukurirana uye kunzwisisa musimboti nomumwe chaiyo chaiyo;
• izvozvo unovapo pahwaro riripo yokungotaura ruzivo, uyewo kare akaita chiito;
• pfungwa kwacho nguva dzose uchibva chinokosha ruzivo;
• sezvo inokudziridza mafungiro anogona kuenda kure raivapo tsika uye pfungwa pamusoro siyana mananara.

Basic mupfungwa akavhiyiwa

Definition rokuti "kufunga" pakutanga kuaona haritauri yose hunhu kwacho. Kuti tinzwisise zviri nani zvarinoreva, zvinokosha kudzidza dzinokosha kushandiswa, izvo zvinoratidza musimboti rokuti:

• Analysis - kupatsanurwa chinhu riri kudzidza mu zvinoriumba izvozvo;
• kwetunhu - kuona linkages uye kubatana zviri vakaparadzana zvikamu;
• Kuenzanisa - anonyatsotaura zvakafanana uye zvakasiyana zvinhu;
• Kupatsanura - Nokuzivikanwa huru zviri mimwe muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano naye;
• Specification - pakusarudza imwe chikamu yose vakawanda;
• kungotaurawo - pamwe zvinhu uye mananara vari boka;
• abstraction - kudzidza penyaya, zvisinei vamwe.

kufunga zvinhu

Mafungiro uye nzira nekugadzirisa matambudziko sei zvinokosha zvinhu, izvo yakaumbwa mukufamba upenyu hwevanhu. Kucherechedza vari pfungwa dzinokosha:

• National divi - ndiwo mafungiro uye yakananga tsika kuti kare kwave kuri mune vanhu vanogara imwe nzvimbo;
• mumagariro uye enyika dzemunharaunda - aumba pasi kwokudzvinyirira kwomunhu vanhu;
• zvido - kuzviitira zvinogona kuchinja chisarudzo chokupedzisira mibvunzo dambudziko.

zveko

Sezvambotaurwa, kunyange kare pfungwa iyi yakajeka. Types mafungiro sezvinotevera:

• abstrakti - kunosanganisira kushandisa associative hunhu;
• musoro - kushandisa yakasimbiswa zvakagadzirwa pfungwa uye zvakajairika;
• abstrakti pfungwa - Chine kuchinja zviratidzo uye mureza mazano;
• yakashatiswa mumufambiro - kutsvaga vakawanda kuda mhinduro kuti mubvunzo iwoyo;
• Convergent - anobvumira chete mumwe chete nzira yakarurama yokugadzirisa dambudziko;
• rinoshanda - kunosanganisira kurimwa zvinangwa, zvirongwa uye algorithms;
• yokungotaura - kunosanganisira zvishande basa;
• rokusika - ndehwokuti kuumba idzva "chigadzirwa";
• dzinonetsa - ongororo of iripo mashoko;
• spatial - kudzidza chinhu zvakasiyana-siyana inoti uye zvivako;
• nzwisisa - imhute muitiro kuti kusavapo maumbirwo yakajeka.

maitikiro kufunga

Vatsvakurudzi teerera yezviri uye simba mafungiro. Sezvo chinangwa chacho chikuru ndechokuti kugadzirisa matambudziko, tinogona kusiyanisa zvinotevera maitikiro huru:

• kuziva dambudziko (mugumisiro aibuda mashoko kuti chinogadzirwa kuti imwe nguva);
• vanotsvaka dzinobvira uye nekukudziridza dzimwe hypotheses;
• nzwisisika kuidzwa hypotheses nokuda applicability yavo tsika;
• dambudziko kunooneka pacharo kuwana mhinduro kune matambudziko nyaya uye kugadzirira nayo mupfungwa.

nhanho mafungiro

Pakusarudza pachiyero kufunga kokutanga vanofarira Beck Aroni, iyo zvakarurama vaiona baba zvishande zvepfungwa. Aidavira kuti pane imwe chavanoziva vanochiva vanhu dzichengete zvitendero uye yakasimbiswa zvirongwa. Maererano neizvi zviri nhanho izvi mafungiro:

• pfungwa chero zviri pamusoro pemvura pfungwa (vari nyore kuona uye kudzora);
• otomatiki pfungwa - zviri zvimwe pfungwa kuti vakagara munzanga uye mupfungwa dzevanhu (kazhinji, ivo vakaisa muitiro dzidzo uye kurovedza);
• zvishande zvitendero - zvivako akaoma uye nematunhu kuti musiwa ane chavanoziva chechetere (vava zvakaoma kuchinja).

mentation

Nokududza muitiro nemafungiro rinoti chine zviito izvo munhu akasarudza izvi kana zvimwe pfungwa Puzzles. Mugumisiro inogona kuwanikwa ruzivo vangasimudzira itsva. In muchikwata ichi pane zvinotevera zviri:

• zvichiitika zvisina kunanga;
• kwakavakirwa kare nezivo;
• It hunoenderana kufungisisa kwezvakatipoteredza, asi hakungoitwi payo;
• Kukurukurirana pakati siyana Mapato zvinoratidzwa utange chimiro;
• Inoshanda kukosha.

unhu pfungwa

Pakusarudza padanho pfungwa zviri zvakabatana chaizvo kune vamwe unhu pfungwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• rusununguko - kukwanisa vaunze pfungwa yepakutanga uye pfungwa, pasina rubatsiro nevamwe, pasina kushandisa mureza Mazano uye kwete kukanganiswa kunze simba;
• kuziva - vanofanira kupa ruzivo rutsva;
• Kasira - nguva elapses kubva panguva iyo kuziva dambudziko kusvikira chizvarwa okupedzisira dambudziko;
• Latitude - kukwanisa kushandisa kugadzirisa dambudziko chete zivo kubva kuminda siyana;
• simultaneity - kukwanisa kutarira dambudziko kubva kumaonero akasiyana-siyana uye kuti vaunze-chinja nzira yokugadzirisa nayo;
• Depth - ndiwo mwero varidzi imwe nyaya, uyewo kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu (zvinoreva kunzwisisa zvinokonzera zvimwe zviitiko, uyewo kukwanisa kufanoona mberi kuitika);
• Yakandinakira - kukwanisa kufunga dzakananga ezvinhu umo pane dambudziko, wakabva zvatinosiita mapatani uye algorithms;
• kusachinja-chinja - kumisa chaiyo kutevedzana kwezviitiko zviito matambudziko;
• criticality - penchant kufumura kwakadzama tinyatsonzwisisa nechimwe zvichiitika pfungwa.

Ndezvipi nzira nokuda Pakusarudza padanho pfungwa rizivikanwe?

Vaongorori akacherechedza kuti pfungwa pezvakaitwa kuitika vanhu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana. Panyaya iyi pane kudiwa basa mhando iyi, sezvo tsanangudzo inonzwisisika mafungiro chechetere. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti panyaya yakatanga yakawanda nzira. The anowanzodanwa kushandiswa uri:

• "Mashoko 20" - bvunzo inobatsira kudoma munhu anogona kuyeuka.
• "Anagrams" - imwe nzira kuti ndehwokuti kuona vachikwanisa munhu combinatorial mafungiro. Uyewo, muedzo rinozivisa penchant kuti kukurukurirana.
• "Ziva zvinokosha zviri" - nzira kuti kutsunga mafungiro, iyo yakagadzirirwa kuziva vanhu kukwanisa kusiyanisa nesekondari mananara.
• "Nomusoro mashoko" - anosarudza sei kukura kwaniso chokuita kuchengeta uye kubereka mashoko. Uyewo edzai kuti vaongorore mamiriro okuyeuka nokuteerera vanhu vane chirwere chepfungwa.
• "The quantitative ukama" - muedzo nokuda pamwero wenyika akanyatsorongwa mafungiro ari kuyaruka uye vakuru. It akapedzisa pahwaro chisarudzo 18 mabasa.
• "Cube Link" - imwe nzira kuti ndehwokuti kuziva munhu unyanzvi (pakuongorora, nepfungwa yokuongorora, kukwanisa kuziva mapatani, etc ...). By kugadzirisa STRUCTURAL matambudziko tinogona kuongorora kukura nenjere dzevanhu.
• "Kuvakwa fenzi" - a muedzo padanho pakukura mafungiro. It kunoratidza sei tsime racho examinee anonzwisisa pakupedzisira. chinangwa sei akanyatsobvunzisisa anotevera mirayiridzo. The Pakusarudza Zvinhu dziri vaiona kumhanya uye Kufambisa.

How kutanga kufunga: danho nedanho gwaro

Kana bvunzo ndiko kuziva huwandu kufunga vakaratidza kusingagutsi zvabuda, regai chete mapfumo. Kutanga kugona ichi inogona sezvinotevera:

• nyora pasi pfungwa dzako uyewo kosi kugadzirisa dambudziko (ichi kunoita kuti kushandisa kupfuura uropi);
• ona musoro mutambo (chinonyanya zvinesimba muenzaniso ndiye wechesi);
• kutenga packs it mashoma Crossword Puzzles kana kuagadzirisa uye kutsaurira zvose vakasununguka nguva yavo;
• kuita Activate uropi basa raida pakakoromoka muenzaniso (zvingava zvachinja chimiro zuva, nzira itsva kuita mazuva mabasa);
• muviri (nani kupa zvatinofarira kutamba, sezvo vari kumanikidzwa kuramba kufunga uye yeuka motokari muenzaniso);
• Unobuda ziso hwemashiripiti kuti achakubatsira kuwana zvitsva siyana mharidzo pfungwa dzavo;
• Wana uropi hwako kudzidza mashoko matsva (zvinokwanisika kutanga kudzidza mutauro wokumwe, ona vhidhiyo, kutanga kuverenga enisaikoropidhiya, etc ...);
• nzira nekugadzirisa matambudziko zvakanyatsorongwa pane randomly (izvi zvinosanganisira pave dzakatevedzana nhanho - asati vachisvika chisarudzo chokupedzisira kubva kuziva dambudziko);
• Usakanganwa pamusoro zororo, nokuti uropi kushanda zvikuru zvakanyanya, inofanira kupiwa nguva kuti ndipore.

Kufunga uye Psychology

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti dzidziso iyi kwazvo kushingaira kudzidza muna zvepfungwa. Definition mafungiro iri nyore: kuva yebasa kushanda kwendangariro kuti zvinokonzera zvishande basa. With rokuti shamwari Categories akadai nzeve, kushamwaridzana, maonero, kutongwa, uye vamwe. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mafungiro - ichi ndechimwe soro mashandiro womunhu psyche. It kunoonekwa sechinhu kunanga hunoratidza chokwadi mune generalized chimiro. Musimboti zvichiitika kuziva chaizvoizvo zvinhu uye mananara, uye kuti asimbise Links pakati pavo.