Development wepfungwa zvakafanira kuchinja munzanga uye zvesayenzi

Kokutanga kunyange Socrates akanongedza mutsauko pakati muviri uye mweya. Iye kunotsanangurwa mweya sezvo chikonzero, inova pakutanga naMwari. Maiva munguva dzekare, hunotanga kukura kwepfungwa. Socrates vakarwira pfungwa yokusafa kwomweya. Saka kekutanga ikoko kwave kufamba takananga rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma kunzwisisa fuma. The soro Kugadzirwa nokunzwisisa akatambanudza Plato. Akasika dzidziso "pfungwa" dziri chisingaperi, nokusingaperi, asina mavambo uye haana kuitwa chero fuma. Basa, kusiyana navo, - ichi chinhu, chinhu, izvo kana pamwe chero pfungwa kunogona kuva chinhu. Cheefa rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma dzidziso idzidziso mweya, izvo anoita somunhu bhainda pakati kutanga pfungwa uye zvinhu. Mweya - mudzimu wenyika, anozvarwa pamberi muviri.

Development wepfungwa haana vakamira. Muzana XVII remakore sokuti rakasiyana hunotovapo methodological setup - empiricism. Tisati kuti vakatonga ruzivo pfungwa simba uye tsika, izvozvo kunonzwisiswa ikozvino sezvo zvinotyisa mubvunzo. Pane zvinokosha matongo uye nzwisiso pamusoro matsva zvachinja ezvinhu nemafungiro nesayenzi. Psychology ari refu nhoroondo nzira kukura kwainzi sayenzi kwemweya, kuziva, psyche, maitiro. Mumwe yematemu izvi inobatanidzwa uye, zvinhu kugutsikana uye kunetsana anorwisana maonero. Asi, pasinei ichi, akasara ari mukuru nemaonero, mukuru pfungwa panguva mharadzano apo pane pfungwa itsva zvakasiyana. Nguva Makuriro zvepfungwa kazhinji akamira nemazuva iwayo, kana vari vanhu pane chero kuchinja, kana ukama anoranga - uzivi, mushonga - paiva unyanzvi hutsva kuti kupa Munongedzo nguva yokuchinja pre-huripo maonero. Somuenzaniso, kuMiddle Ages, pfungwa itsva zvepfungwa aizoguma guru kuchakunda makanika uye masvomhu. Yokutanga mupfungwa pfungwa, vakasikwa masvomhu uye hurongwa, vaiva Descartes. Akaona muviri sechinhu otomatiki hurongwa anoshanda mechanically. Kukura kwepfungwa neimwe mirayiridzo mberi Bacon, uyo aida kubvisa pfungwa dzevanhu kubva zvisizvo uye mashura kuti pfungwa dzomutauro wokutanga dzingasajeka. Kuti ari anozivikanwa shoko: ". Zivo - simba" Scientist akadana nokuti experimental kudzidza nyika, mumwe kutungamirira basa kugadzirisa nyaya iyi akatora kuedza kwake, kwete kufungisisa uye akataura. Man anowana simba pamusoro hunhu, noungwaru akamubvunza uye kuminyuka yake zvakavanzika achibatsirwa zvikuru kutanga Ezvemutauro.

Kukura kwepfungwa ari XVII remakore kunoratidzwa muna zvinotevera zviitiko hwesayenzi:

- mumwe muviri kurarama sezvo zvokuimba wemuTesitamende iyo hakuna nzvimbo chero unhu yakavanda kana mwoyo;

- dzidziso kuziva sezvo kuri kune mumwe nomumwe vachikwanisa kushandisa mumhuri zvokuongorora kuwana ruzivo kupfuura akarurama pamusoro hwavo hwepfungwa inoti;

- dzidziso nehavi somunhu regulator wokuzvibata pasi mumuviri kuti akatuma munhu kuti rinobatsirawo iye, uye akaviga zvakaipa;

- dzidziso ukama pakati vasiri uye nepfungwa.

Kunyanya Makuriro zvepfungwa muna XIX uye XX remakore pakataurwa kwaita nemiitiro itsva: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic zvepfungwa. Kukurumidza kukura munzanga uye nesayenzi, uyewo kuMiddle Ages uye kare, kusundwa kuti chitarisiko anotarira vakasiyana pre-huripo. Munguva iyi kumira panze uye pakupedzisira vakaumba siyana pamatavi mupfungwa nesayenzi.