Chii chiri CIS? CIS nyika - urongwa. CIS mepu

CIS - yaimbova Union of Soviet Socialist Republics international association, iyo mabasa ayo aifunga kuti mutemo wekubatana pakati pezvematongerwo enyika akaumba Soviet Union. Uyu hausi wepass-state entity. Kushamwaridzana kwezvidzidzo uye kushanda kwesangano rakapiwa nekuda kwokuzvidira. Ndeipi CIS uye ndeipi iyo inobatanidzwa muhukama hwepasi pose? Ko kuumbwa kweCommwewealth kwaive sei? Ndeipi basa remamwe matidziro mukurudzirwa kwayo? Nezve izvi gare gare munyaya yacho. Pasi panewo mapeji eCIS.

Kuumba sangano

Kusikwa kwesangano kwakabatanidzwa neUkraine SSR, RSFSR uye BSSR. Muna 1991, musi waDecember 8, chibvumirano chakafanana chakasayirwa muB Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Mutsamba, iyo yaiva nemitauro 14 neChitamende, zvakanzi iyo USSR yakaguma kuvapo senhau yezvinoitika munyika uye mutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Asi maererano nesangano rezvakaitika kare uye zvisungo zvevanhu, vachifunga nezvematongerwo enyika, chido chekuumba hurumende yepamutemo, uyewo nechinangwa chokukudziridza hukama hwavo kune umwe neumwe nekuda kwekuremekedzana uye kubvuma uchangamire, mapato aripo anobvumirana pakuumbwa kwesangano renyika dzakawanda.

Ratification rwechibvumirano

Musi waDecember 10, Supreme Soviets yeUkraine neBelarus vakapa rugwaro rwemutemo masimba. Musi waDecember 12, chibvumirano chakabvumirwa muParamende yeRussia. Iyo yakawanda kwazvo (188) yemavhoti yaiva "ye", "yakaramba" - 7, "kupikisa" - 6. Zuva rakatevera, musi we13, vakuru vemapato makuru eAsia vakanga vari chikamu cheSUSS yakaungana. Vaiva vamiririri veUzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan. Somugumisiro wemusangano uyu, Chirevo chakaitwa. Mariri, vakuru vacho vakataura kubvumirana kwavo kubatana neCIS ( kushandura - iyo Commonwealth ye Independent States).

Chiitiko chisingawaniki chekuumbwa kwesangano chaive chipo chekukodzera kodzero yezvikwata izvo zvaimbova chikamu cheSoviet Union nekuzivikanwa kwevose sevatangi. Gare gare, Nazarbayev (mutungamiriri weKazakhstan) akaronga sangano remusangano kuAlmaty, uko nyika dzeCIS , dzakanyorwa pasi apa, dzicharamba dzichikurukurirana nyaya uye dziite sarudzo.

Musangano muAlma-Ata

11 vamiririri vezvematongerwo enyika, aichimbova chikamu cheU.SR, vakasvika muguta guru reKazakhstan . Vaiva misoro yeUkraine, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan uye Belarus. Pakanga pasina vamiririri veGeorgia, Estonia, Lithuania neLatvia. Somugumisiro wemusangano, chiziviso chakasayirwa. Yakaronga mazano uye zvinangwa zveNewwewealth itsva.

Mukuwedzera, iyo nyanzvi yakagadzirisa kupiwa kwekuti CIS dzose dzinoti dzichaita hukama hwavo muhutano hwakakwana kuburikidza nekuronga masangano. Izvozvo zvekupedzisira, zvekare, zvakaumbwa pamusana pechiratidzo. Aya masangano ekubatanidza aifanira kushanda maererano nesungano pakati pezvidzidzo zveCIS (kududzira kunoratidzwa pamusoro). Panguva imwecheteyo, kutonga pamwe chete pamusoro pezvigamba zvehondo-zvombo uye zvombo zvenyukireya zvakachengetedzwa.

Kutaura pamusoro pezvinoitwa neCIS, zvinofanira kurehwa kuti hurumende iyi haina kugadzirisa muganhu mumwe chete: republic imwe neimwe yaiva chikamu cheUSSR yakachengetedza uchangamire hwayo, hurumende, uye sangano repamutemo. Panguva imwecheteyo, kusikwa kweCommwewealth kwaive kuenzanisa kwekuzvipira kune kuumbwa uye kukurudzirwa kwehuwandu hwezvematongerwe enyika.

CIS mepu

Nharaunda iyo Commonwealth yakava duku kudarika USSR. Vamwe vaimbova mapurisa havana kuratidza chido chokubatana neCIS. Kunyange zvakadaro, kubatana sekune vose kwakatora nzvimbo yakakura ye geopolitical space. Zvizhinji zvezvidzidzo zvakatsvaga kubatana kwakabatsirana pamusana pekuenzana, nekuchengetedza kuvimbika kwavo.

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti musangano musi waDecember 21 wakabatsira pakupedzwa kwekushandurwa kwenyika dze USSR munyika dzeCIS. Nyora yacho yakazadzikiswa neMoldova neAzerbaijan, iyo yakazova yekupedzisira kugamuchira chirevo pamusoro pekusikwa kwe Commonwealth. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, vaingova nhengo dzechikwata chete. Ichi chaive chiitiko chakakosha mukuvaka kwehurumende yese nzvimbo ye post-Soviet. Muna 1993, Georgia yakabatanidzwa munyaya yeCIS. Pakati pemaguta makuru eElectwealth inofanira kunzi Minsk, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Tashkent, Alma-Ata, Moscow.

Nhau dzeSangano

MuMinsk musi waDecember 30, nhengo yeCIS yakasayina Chibvumirano cheSvondo. Maererano naro, mutumbi mukuru we Commonwealth wakagadzwa. Dare racho raisanganisira vakuru vezvidzidzo zvehurongwa.

Kutaura pamusoro pezvinoitwa neCIS, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kusarudza kwekutora kwakagadziriswa sei. Nyaya imwe neimwe ye Commonwealth yakanga ine izwi rimwe chete. Iro sarudzo yakawanda yakaitwa pamusana pekubvumirana.

Pamusangano muMinsk, chibvumirano chakaiswa chisimbiso chinodzora kutonga pamusoro peMasoja ehondo neBorder Guard Mauto. Maererano nezvo, nyaya imwe neimwe yaiva nekodzero yokusika mauto ake. Muna 1993, sangano rehurongwa rakapedzwa.

Musi waJanuary 22 wegore rimwe chete muMinsk, Mutemo wakagamuchirwa. Iri gwaro rakava nheyo ye sangano. Muna 1996, musi waMarch 15, pamusangano weHurumende Duma weRussian Federation, Decree 157-II yeHurumende Duma yakagamuchirwa. Yakagadza simba repamutemo remigumisiro ye referendum, yakaitwa muna 1991, musi waMarch 17, pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kweU.SR. Ndima yechitatu inotaura nezvechisimbiso chekuti Chibvumirano pamusoro pekuumbwa kwe Commonwealth, isingagamuchirwi kuCongress of People's Deputies - guru guru rehurumende rehurumende mu RSFSR - haina uye risina kodzero yepamutemo maererano nekumisa kwekugara kweUSSR.

Basa reRussian Federation muLenwewealth

Pamusangano weHarare Security Council weRussian Federation, Mutungamiri Vladimir Putin akataura. Vladimir Vladimirovich akabvuma kuti Russia neCIS vauya kune imwe nzvimbo mukuvandudzwa kwavo. Panyaya iyi, sezvakataurwa naMutungamiri wehurumende, zvinodiwa kuti zvive nehupamhi hunosimbisa hurumende yeElectwealth nekugadziriswa kwechikonzero chekushanda kwemugadziro wenharaunda nemamwe masimba munyika, kana kuti iyo nzvimbo ye "geopolitical" ichave "yakasvibiswa", saka kufarira muHutwewealth pakati pezvikamu zvayo Izvo zvichave zvakashata zvakarasika.

Mushure mokunge muna Mbudzi 2005, hurumende yeRussia yakatadza kukanganisa kukuru mune zvematongerwo enyika pakati pezvematongerwo enyika aimbova USSR (Moldova, Georgia neUkraine), pakurema kweKyrgyz mhirizhonga, hurumende yaPutin yakanga yakanyanyisa. Akacherechedza kuti zvose zvinonyadzisa zvaive chikonzero chekutarisira zvakanyanya. Kuti ataure muchidimbu, mutungamiri weRussian Federation akabvuma kuti zvimwe zvinangwa zvakarongedzwa, asi chaizvoizvo iyo yose yaive yakasiyana zvachose.

Kubatana kweCommwewealth

Nemhaka yekukura kwemazana centrifugal inoitika mukati meCIS, nyaya yekudikanwa kwekuchinja sangano yakamutswa zvakare. Zvisinei, hapana kubatana kwemaonero pamusoro pezvirevo zvinotyisa zvechikwata ichi. Pamusangano waJuly usina kurongeka muna 2006, apo vatungamiriri vemasangano eWedwealth vakaungana, Nazarbayev akarayira mitemo yakawanda pamusoro pekufungisisa basa.

Chokutanga pane zvose, Mutungamiri weKazakhstan aidavira kuti zvakanga zvakafanira kuronga mutemo wekufamba. Zvinotarisirwa, mune zvaanofunga, ndezvekuvandudzwa kwekutenderera kwekutengesa kutaurirana, kubatanidzwa mukurwisana kwepakati pemugwagwa, pamwe nekubatana mumatsika, hutungamiri uye masayenzi-dzidzo.

Sezvakataurwa munhau dzakawanda, kusava nechokwadi nezvekubudirira uye kubudirira kweHumanwealth kwakabatanidzwa nehuwandu hwemabhizimisi ehondo. Mumatambudziko aya, Russian Federation yakarwisana neMoldova, Georgia neUkraine. ICIS, maererano nevamwe vanocherechedza, yaiva pamucheto wekupona. Izvi zvakagadziriswa nekubudirira kwechangobva kuitika - kukakavadzana kwebhizimisi pakati peGeorgia neRussia. Maererano nenhamba yevatsvakurudzi, rusarudzo dzeRussia kurwisana neCommwewealth dzakanga dzisina kumboitika. Uyezve, sezvakataurwa nevatariri vazhinji, mutemo weRussia kune mahofisi eSoviet munyika yose uye CIS yaisanganisira muCIS kunyanya yakaumbwa neGazprom (iyo yeRussia inotengeswa nemhepo) pakupera kwa2005. Mari inotengeswa, maererano nevamwe vanyori, yaiva nzira yekuranga uye kukurudzira nyaya dze Commonwealth, zvichienderana nekubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika neRussian Federation.

"Mafuta neGasi Relations"

Kutaura pamusoro pezvinonzi CIS, mumwe haagoni kukanganisa kutaura chinhu chinobatanidza zvidzidzo zvose. Idzo dzaiva mari shoma yefurairi inopiwa kubva munharaunda yeRussian Federation. Zvisinei, muna 2005, munaJuly, kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mumatengo emagetsi emarudzi eBaltic kwakashamiswa . Iko mari yakawedzerwa kune pan-European level ye $ 120-125 pamakiromita mazana emakiromita. MunaSeptember wegore iroro, zvakashumirwa kuti mari yefodhi yeGeorgia yaizowedzera kubva muna 2006 kusvika ku $ 110, uye kubva muna 2007 kusvika ku $ 235.

MunaNovember 2005, mutengo wegesi weArmenia wakawedzerwa. Mari yekutengeswa yaiva $ 110. Zvisinei, hutungamiri hweArmenia hwakaratidza kutya kuti hurumende haizokwanisi kutenga mafuta pamatengo akadaro. Russia yakapa chikwereti chisingabatsiri, icho chinogona kubhadhara mari yakawedzerwa. Zvisinei, Armenia yakapa Russian Federation imwe sarudzo - seimwe nzira yekutsvaga humwe hwezvigadziro zvake zveHrazdan Thermal Power Plant, pamwe chete neyoyo yose yekutengesa kwenyika muRepublic. Kunyange zvakadaro, pasinei kunyange kunyeverwa kubva kuArmenia nechokuita pamusoro pemigumisiro yakaipa yekuwedzera kwemari inowedzera, republic yakakwanisa kunonoka kuwedzera kwekukosha chete.

KuMoldova, kuwedzera kwemutengo kwakatanga kuziviswa muna 2005. Pakazosvika 2007, mari itsva yekutengeswa yakabvumirana. Mutengo wefurairi waiva $ 170. Pakazosvika December, chibvumirano chakaitwa pahuwandu hwemafuta kuAzerbaijan pamusika wekutengesa. Muna 2006, mutengo waiva $ 110, uye muna 2007, kutengeswa kwakarongwa pa $ 235.

Pakazosvika December 2005, kukakavadzana pakati peRussian Federation neUkraine kwakapera. Kubvira paJanuary 1, 2006, zvakashamiswa kuti mutengo uchawedzera kusvika $ 160. Apo humwe hutano hwakaratidza husingabudiriri, Russia yakasimudza mutengo kune $ 230. Mune dzimwe nzira, Belarus yaiva nechinzvimbo chakakosha mumagazini yegesi. Pakazosvika March 2005, Russian Federation yakaratidza kuwedzera kwemitengo yezvigadzirwa. Zvisinei, musi waApril 4, Putin akapikira kuti achengetedze mari yacho pazinga rimwe chete. Asi mushure mekusarudzwa kwehutungamiri wehurumende, mitengo yakasimudzirwa zvakare kuBelarus. Pashure pekukurukurirana kwenguva refu, mutengo we 2007-2011 wakagadzirirwa pa $ 100.

Basa reHumanwealth masangano mune mafuta nemafuta

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu, muna 2006 hurumende yeRussia yakaedza kuumba kubatana pamusana peCIS. Zvaifungidzirwa kuti nhengo dzayo dzaizova dzidziso dzeCommwewealth, imwe nzira kana imwe inosanganiswa nehurongwa hwemagetsi uye mafuta emipopi yemafuta, achicherechedza, zvakare, iyo inotungamirira basa reRussian Federation semunhu anotengesa mafomu emhepo kuEurope kubva munzvimbo yeSoviet-post. Panguva imwecheteyo, nyika dzakapoteredza dzaifanira kuzadzikisa mabasa eavo pacheji vapeji kumapipiro eRussia, kana kuti kuva nharaunda yekufambisa. Sechibvumirano cheyi simba rekubatana, chakanga chiine chinangwa chekutengesa kana kutengesa kutengesa magetsi nemagetsi.

Nokudaro, somuenzaniso, neTurkmenistan, chibvumirano chakaitwa pazvinhu zvekutengesa zvayo zvegasi kuburikidza neGazprom pipeline. Panharaunda yeUzbekistan, makambani okuRussia anokurisa nzvimbo dzomunharaunda. MuArmenia, Gazprom ane pipeline yemagetsi kubva kuIran. Chibvumirano chave chakaitwawo neMoldova kuti kambani yegesi yemagetsi Moldovgaz, hafu yeyo yeGazprom, ichawedzera kugoverana, kugovera magasi ekuparadzira mitero semaripo.

Zvinokonzera mafungiro

Chii chiri CIS nhasi? Kuongorora nhoroondo yechangobva kuitika yeHedwewealth, hazvibviri kusateerera kuwanda kwemakakatanwa pamatunhu akasiyana-siyana. Anozivikanwa kunyange kukakavadzana kwemauto - zvose mukati-uye mumamiriro ezvinhu. Kusvikira nhasi, dambudziko rekuratidzwa kwekusagadzikana kwenyika, kushambadzira kwepamutemo kusingagadziriswi. Mukuwedzera, kupesana kwezvematongerwo enyika pakati peRussia kune rumwe rutivi neUkraine neBelarus pane imwewo zviri kuitika zvakare.

Dambudziko guru rinoda kugadziriswa ndiro nyaya yekutengeswa kwemari. Kudzokorora Russia senzvimbo huru ye Commonwealth inowanikwa (iyo mapu eRussia neCIS inoratidza izvi zvinoratidzwa pasi apa), iyo inonyanya kukosha mune zvezvematongerwe enyika uye zvehondo, yakapomerwa kuputsa chibvumirano chinokosha, kunyanya, chibvumirano chekuita basa rekuchenjera mukati memunda. Kubva pane imwe nyika, CIS nhasi haisati iine chinangwa chekudzoka nenzira ipi neipi yekare, panguva apo nyika dzose dzekutonga dzaivepo panguva iyoyo dzaiva nechokutanga huchienderana neRussia Empire, uye zvakare kuU.SR. Panguva iyi, chaizvoizvo, hutungamiri hurumende hweRussian Federation, zvose mumitauro yavo uye kuburikidza nezvinobudisa nhau, kazhinji vanotaura kushorwa kwesimba reimwe dzidziso dze Commonwealth. Kazhinji pane zvisiri izvo, nhengo dzeInternational Association dzinopomerwa kupesana nezvakaitika kare, izvo zvinojairika, muzviito zvakakonzerwa nenyika dzakasimudzirwa dzekuMadokero (United States zvikuru), pamwe nemanzwiro erevanchist (kunyanya, kuiswa kwezviitiko zveHondo Yenyika II mune chiedza chinopesana nezvose pasi rose rinozivikanwa , Uye Soviet-Russian historiography).