Chii chinoita muviri-nenzvimbo zoning. Geographical zoning: chinangwa, nzira uye nenheyo

Pemvura redu riri heterogeneous chaizvo. Territories vakasiyana mumwe yokuyamura, Geological mamiriro, hunhu zvinomera uye ivhu viomak. Kuti zvimwe streamline kwomuzvarirwo "mhirizhonga", masayendisiti kubuda zoning. Geographers simbi conventionally vagovere nyika pasi bhanhire, bhendi, nharaunda uye nyika.

Chii chinoita muviri-nenzvimbo regionalization? Ndezvipi zvinangwa zvayo huru? Pahwaro chii dzemitemo uye chii nzira voitakura kunze? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi dzinogona kuwanikwa nyaya yedu.

Zoning of mumuviri-nenzvimbo: tsanangudzo uye musimboti

Geographical zoning (rakapfupikiswa - GRF) - kunotsanangurwa nokupesana hurongwa pasi. Kunoitawo kuti kusimbisa zvikamu nenzvimbo butiro, izvo zvisingapindirani zvimwe homogeneity. Under kufanana ichi anonyanya zvaireva zvakajairika Geological nemamiriro nharaunda, kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, mamiriro okunze, ivhu, kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.

Uyezve, kwakadaro zoning unokubvumira uswedere miganhu zvakajeka pakati penhindi ava nenzvimbo hamvuropu.

Physiographic zoning avimbiswa zhinji masayendisiti, geographers uye vatsvakurudzi. Pakati pavo: A. Radishchev, HA Chebotarev, AI Voeikov, Ls Berg, VP Semenov-Tyan-Shan, FN Mielke, NA Sun nevamwe. Panguva ino padariro kukura zoning zvirongwa zvakasiyana anoshandisa vanachiremba of Moscow State University. Lomonosov.

A nhoroondo pfupi pakukura mumuviri uye nenzvimbo regionalization

Yokutanga Kuedza zoning kunzvimbo ndeyemunguva XVIII remakore. Zvisinei, vakanga vasina hwaro chesayenzi uye kuitwa neumwe chinhu. Ndivo zviratidzo kazhinji vakanga kupfuura pachena chinhu: enyika miganhu, kana landforms.

In yechipiri yezana XIX remakore vari kutanga kukura sayenzi nokukurumidza zvikuru nenzvimbo (mamiriro okunze, ivhu sainzi, uye vamwe.). Maererano neizvi awedzera Kugadzirwa yakakodzera unyanzvi nematunhu zvakasikwa zoning. A gare gare muna zvionera munzvimbo shoma nevamwe uye upfumi regionalization.

Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti yokungotaura hwaro mumuviri-nenzvimbo regionalization kuri mumashoko nemabasa musayendisiti mukuru Russian Vasily Dokuchaev pakupera yacho XIX remakore. Gare gare pfungwa yakanga vakanongazve aro pave Ls Berg uye GI Tanfiliev. Pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore ari mumuviri-nenzvimbo regionalization akatanga kutaura zvakakomba uye geographers vatorwa (semuenzaniso, American, British uye German masayendisiti).

In nyaya iyi sayenzi Soviet vakatanga kukoshesa kuteerera kare 20s. Uye kare muna 1940 zvakanzi akasika shanduro mumuviri-nenzvimbo zoning of USSR rokutanga.

Sezvatinogona kuona, pamusoro nyaya iri basa mupfungwa vazhinji Russia uye dzimwe nyika. Chii chinoita muviri-nenzvimbo regionalization? Ngatiedzei kupindura mubvunzo uyu.

Chii chinoita muviri-nenzvimbo regionalization?

GRF - haisi chete inofanira kupatsanura nharaunda (kana mvura) muzvinhu, asiwo avo hwakadzama kudzidza, zvinosanganisira kugadzirira hwakadzama zvinoriumba-akachenjera uye kunzwisisa unhu. Asi chii chinoita muviri-nenzvimbo regionalization? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu ndiyo pachena zvikuru uye zviri nyore.

Hwaro regionalization chaiko ndiko inhomogeneity wacho zvinoriumba kwavanogara nevamwe. To zvinoriumba avo inofanira kusanganisirwa:

• Geological mamiriro;
• zororo;
• okunze zvinhu;
• ivhu pabutiro;
• uswa;
• uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vakawanda geographers ano vanoziva chaiye nokuvapo dzakadaro. Zvisinei, miganhu pakati pavo havana wakajeka nguva dzose. Pakati pedyo mumuviri uye nenzvimbo dzine kazhinji dziripo dzimwe Kuchinja munyika dzine mukati izvo akaona zvechadenga vaviri pedyo nharaunda (somuenzaniso, dondo imwe kuchinja rwokushanyira pakati sango uye inowanzorimwa dzenhoroondo).

Huru zvitarisirwa uye nhungamiro GRF

Izvi mhando zoning anodzingana zvakasiyana siyana zvinangwa, kufanana yakaisvonaka tsvakurudzo uye vakashandisa mashoko. Asi chinangwa chikuru mumuviri-nenzvimbo zoning iri nomazvo uye umboo anotsanangura spatial Kusiyanisa pakati nenzvimbo hamvuropu Nyika.

Fruits GRF achishingaira kushandiswa maindasitiri zhinji uye nzvimbo nemabasa evanhu: zvokurima, miti, madhorobha kuronga, zvokurapa jogirafi, hunhu kudzivirirwa, uye vamwe.

Muitiro allocating nenzvimbo nzvimbo mundima dzakapiwa kunoitika pamusana chaiyo dzemitemo uye nokuda zvimwe regularities. Ndeizvi (inokosha) zvinotaurwa muviri-nenzvimbo regionalization:

• zvinhu sezvazviri;
• miganhu kuvimbika;
• zoning uye azonal;
• zvakafanana dzakaoma zvinoriumba;
• ari comparability pakati migumisiro zoning.

Zvichida kukosha izvi ndiwo musimboti zvinhu sezvazviri. Tiri kutaura chinangwa nokuvapo zvakasikwa zvivako sezvo vakadaro. Anobvumirana naye uye kubvumirana zvinenge zvose geographers uye landshaftovedy (kunze KE Armand). No zvishoma zvinokosha zoning uye nheyo miganhu kuvimbika. It iri ndechokuti vamapoka zoning ichi varege zvinosanganisira kuparadzana uye munharaunda yakakura ichiparara nomunzvimbo dzine.

mhando GRF

Geographical zoning angava akasiyana. Kana ndehwokuti kusimbisa nzvimbo chete mumwe zviratidzo (nzvimbo zvinoriumba), izvozvo ichakurukurwa sezvo private (kana bhizimisi). Somuenzaniso, kungava ivhu kana okunze zoning nharaunda.

Kana chinangwa kuna GRF kuongorora zvachose Nzvimbo zvose (okunze, kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, ivhu, etc.) zvinoriumba, ipapo ichanzi nzwisisika (kana nzvimbo).

Uyezve, dzinongoitika zoning anogona kuva:

• zonal;
• azonal.

Kubva musi kupatsanura ichi, kudoma siyana taxonomic muzvikamu GRF.

Nzira mumuviri regionalization

Kazhinji, pane mbiri dzinokosha nzira GRF: ari regionalization of "pamusoro" zoning uye "vapasi". Vose nzira idzi zvinowanzoshandiswa ndokuonga mukwanisi mumwe zvakakwana.

"Pasi" rwokuzvarwa zoning kunoitika sezvinotevera. Kuburikidza kusangana zviduku dzinongoitika zvivako zviri dzinounzwa makuru uye mamwe kunzwisisa miganhu zvivako. It anoshandisa pamwero mukuru nzvimbo mepu. Kana zoning "kubva kumusoro" zvose zvinoitika vakutarisire. Pakutanga dzinounzwa makuru dzinongoitika kumatunhu, uye zvadaro, nokuongorora munhu muzvizhinji enyaya mepu, vari "vaputsa" madiki dzinongoitika zvivako.

Muviri uye nenzvimbo regionalization rinoshandisirwa uye nhamba nzira dzenhoroondo yesayenzi uye unyanzvi. Pakati pavo:

• cartography;
• Aerospace;
• geochemistry;
• paleogeographical;
• masvomhu;
• kombiyuta simulation nzira.

Taxonomic dzakabatana GRF

Zonal dzinongoitika zoning rinozivisa zvinotevera taxonomic dzakabatana:

• nenzvimbo mapazi;
• nharaunda;
• subzones.

In azonal zoning akasarudza govera:

• jogirafi mumuviri munyika;
• nharaunda;
• mudunhu;
• nzvimbo;
• maturakiti;
• podurochischa;
• facies.

The zviumbu chemhando pamwero miganhu Kusiyanisa vari: nenzvimbo pakavha uye makondinendi. Asi inokosha vamapoka GRF vaiona facies uye turakiti.

Facies of shoma chairema GRF

Muganhu (kureva, zvokutanga uye indivisible) dzaishandiswa mune vakuru vakuru kuti tsaukana hurongwa vaiona facies. Chii?

Mumwe nomumwe wenyu anofanira kunge aona muupenyu hwake makarima munda, kana Birch matanda okunamata nawo pakati zvakasvibirira mitema paMaare. zvinhu izvi chete ndivo mutungamiriri mienzaniso facies.

Shoko rokuti "facies" rine midzi muLatin uye rinobva pashoko facies - "chiso", "mufananidzo", "chiso". Rinoshandiswa botanists, Nyanzvi biogeography. Anobudirira zvikuru tsanangudzo izwi akapiwa musayendisiti ichi Soviet D. Nalivkin. Maererano naye, facies - chimedu panyika, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva chete dzinongoitika ezvinhu, kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiye zvokutanga uye yunifomu dzezvakatipoteredza zvivako.

Facies nguva dzose iri mukati imwe biocenosis uye kunoratidzwa mubereki zvinhu, chete okunze, mvura hurumende uye ivhu viomak. Mukuona geosystem akanyatsorongwa, ndiyo huru STRUCTURAL chikamu uye stows podurochisch.

Kune mhando huru nhatu facies:

1. Continental.
2. Marine.
3. Zvinopfuura (mumhenderekedzo yegungwa lagoons, deltas, etc.).

mhedziso

Zvino munoziva kuti hwaro mumuviri-nenzvimbo zoning ndiyo heterogeneity wacho zvinoumba munhu nenzvimbo butiro: okunze, kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, kasvisto, fauna of uye ivhu. Izvi pazvikanganiso huru misimboti shanu: zvinhu sezvazviri, homogeneity, miganhu kuvimbika, zoning (uye azonal) uye zoning comparability nezvibereko.

GRF anogona kuva zvakasiyana zvinoti: zonal uye azonal, yainzwisisika uye indasitiri. Geographical zoning anokamura panyika pamusoro nemabhandi, zvikamu uye subzones, dzinongoitika nyika, nharaunda, dunhu, uye facies maturakiti.