Kutsunga jogirafi. The sainzi kuti inodzidza goko Nzvimbo Dzenyika

Jogirafi - ndiwo mumwe sayenzi mukuru munyika. Kunyange chinyakare vanhu vakadzidza nzvimbo yavo, kuti vaswedere pamasvingo mumapako dzavo tanga mepu. Chokwadi, ano sainzi jogirafi zvinokonzera yakasiyana zvachose basa. Ipi? Chii chaakaita kudzidza? Uye chii tsananguro imwe anogona kupa nesayenzi ichi?

Kutsunga jogirafi: huru matambudziko uye nematambudziko

Kana Physics anodzidzisa "sei", anotsanangura nhoroondo "apo" uye "sei", nzvimbo anoudza "apo". Chokwadi, ichi chinhu kutsarukana chaizvo nemaonero yacho.

Jogirafi - sayenzi akura chaizvo. Izwi rine Midzi Greek uye rinoreva "zemleopisanie". Uye nheyo dzayo wakaradzikwa chaizvo kare. Wokutanga musayendisiti-geographer inonzi Klavdiya Ptolemeya, uyo ari remakore rechipiri zvakabudisa bhuku nemashoko bivalent rinonzi: "Geography". Basa yaiva mavhoriyamu masere.

Zvimwewo nyanzvi vakaita nouchapupu mipiro kukura nzvimbo sechinhu sainzi, zvakakodzera govera Mercator, Aleksandra Gumboldta, Carl Ritter, Valtera Kristallera, Vladimir Vernadsky, Vasily Dokuchaev.

Namazvo uye yunifomu tsanangudzo jogirafi ichiri nyore. Maererano nomumwe dudziro wandei, zviri kwegadziriro sayenzi kudzidza zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana nokushanda kwenhengo uye nemamiriro nenzvimbo hamvuropu Pasi. Pane imwe tsanangudzo jogirafi kuburikidza iyo sayenzi iyi inodzidza mifananidzo kupararira chero Chiitiko pamusoro pepasi. Asi Professor VP Budanov akanyora kuti kunyange zvazvo zviri nzvimbo kwakaoma chaizvo kutsanangura, asi chinhu chacho zvechokwadi ndiyo vanomutswa pemvura munyika yose.

Jogirafi somunhu sayenzi pamusoro nenzvimbo hamvuropu Pasi

Asi chikuru chinhu kwekudzidza muchifarira nenzvimbo hamvuropu Pasi. Domestic sainzi anopa zvinotevera tsanangudzo rokuti. Geographic goko - chinhu RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA uye kuramba goko pamusoro Nyika randinogara shanu STRUCTURAL zvikamu:

• lithosphere;
• hydrosphere;
• chadenga;
• ari biosphere;
• anthroposphere.

Uyezve, vari pedyo uye kugara kudyidzana kupanana fuma, simba uye ruzivo.

Segmented goko ane parameters ayo (ukobvu - anenge 25-27 kilometers), uye anewo zvimwe regularities. Pakati izvi kuvimbika (kubatana zvinoriumba uye zvivako), mutinhimira (Frequency repeatability zvakasikwa), latitudinal zoning kukwira tsanangura.

Sechivako jogirafi

The mutsauko pakati dzinongoitika uye sayenzi dzevanhu gobvu mutsetse vakayambuka "muviri" ari kamwe yakabatana jogirafi, nokuparadzira vamwe chirango yayo yakasiyana zvachose ndege kuferefeta nesayenzi. Saka, vamwe fizikogeograficheskie indasitiri zvakawanda kufanana wefizikisi kana kemisitiri kupfuura vanhu kana upfumi.

The jogirafi Nyika rakakamurwa anoranga zvikuru zviviri.

1. Mumuviri.
2. Zveupfumi.

Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira hydrography, mamiriro okunze, geomorphology, glaciology, ivhu jogirafi uye nevamwe. Hazvina kuoma zvokufungidzira zvavari kudzidza zvinhu. Boka rechipiri rinosanganisira zvoupfumi, jogirafi, vanogara, mumaguta zvidzidzo (Science City), jogirafi nevamwe.

Kutaurirana nevamwe sayenzi

pedyo pedyo sei chokuita jogirafi sayenzi vamwe? Chii nzvimbo inoremekedzwa iri negadziriro anoranga zvesayenzi?

Jogirafi ane pedyo ukama sayenzi dzakadai masvomhu, nhoroondo, wefizikisi, kemisitiri, zvoupfumi, biology uye zvepfungwa. Kufanana nevamwe chirango chipi, zviri majini chokuita uzivi uye pfungwa.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti vamwe izvi Interscience ukama akanga akasimba zvokuti vakapa pave itsva inonzi muchinjikwa okukohwa kurangwa. Kune vaya zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

• Mapping (jogirafi + geometry);
• nzvimbo mazita (nenzvimbo zvemutauro +);
• nhoroondo jogirafi (jogirafi + kare);
• Ivhu Science (jogirafi + kemisitiri).

Major matambudziko nenzvimbo panguva ino Danho okukura sayenzi

Sezvo chinoshamisa zvinoita sezvazvakanyorwa, asi mumwe matambudziko makuru ari nenzvimbo tsanangudzo jogirafi sechinhu sainzi. Uyezve, methodological uye yokungotaura saka akukurwe nechisarudzo chinetso ichi, izvo akanga atova mubvunzo, uye kana paine yakadaro sayenzi zvachose?

Muzana XXI remakore, vakawedzera basa chokufenbera mashandiro jogirafi. Various geomodel (okunze, geopolitical, kwezvakatipoteredza, etc.) inovakwa kushandisa vazhinji Analytical uye chaiyo mashoko.

The chikuru basa jogirafi panguva ino Danho - kwete chete kucherechedza yakadzika kubatana pakati zvakasikwa uye magariro urongwa, asi kudzidza kutarisira. Mumwe matavi kukosha Nhasi sayenzi geourbanistika. Gore negore inokura madhorobha nevanhu munyika. Maguta kupfuura nyika nezvinetso zvitsva uye zvinetso kuti vanoda nokukurumidza uye zvinovaka mhinduro.