Pfungwa iyi rinobva muchiLatin shoko civis, iro rinogona kushandurudzwa se "vehurumende" kana "nehurumende". In zvakawanda kana zvishoma yazvino pfungwa pakutanga yakataurwa mudzidzisi French Viktorom Mirabo. Maererano kunzwisisa kwake, budiriro - iri boka zvimwe dzemunharaunda evanhu kuti kusiyanisa evanhu kubva mhuka kuvapo: ruzivo, pakuremekedza, kunyoroveswa tsika, kuremekedza, uye zvichingodaro. Izvi izwi rinotaurawo kuti basa mumwe muzivi vakakurumbira pakati yaitonga - the Scot Adam Ferguson. Nokuti iye, budiriro - ndiyo imwe padanho kukura munzanga yevanhu. Ferguson akaona nhoroondo sezvo zvishoma nezvishoma kusimudzira tsika yevanhu (mabhuku, maguta, vanhu) - kubva zvoutsinye kuti zvikuru dzakabudirira tsika. Nenzira yakafanana, kukudziridza kunzwisisa nyaya uye gare gare uzivi zvidzidzo, vanyori venhau dzakaitika uye evanhu. Kwavari, budiriro zvose - iri pfungwa, imwe nzira kana imwe ukama vanhu uye akaronga kuti zvinhu zvaizobatsira nzanga. Zvisinei, kuchinja anouya. For Marxists Somuenzaniso, imwe nebudiriro - ndiyo padariro pakukura inobereka mauto vanhu.
Nhoroondo kusvika Arnolda Toynbi
An dzinonakidza muenzaniso nhau muitiro akapa wenhoroondo British Arnold Toynbee. In basa rake yakakurumbira "Kudzidza History", iine mavhoriyamu akawanda, anoona nhoroondo yose yevanhu nzanga sezvo kutaridza nonlinear mavambo, budiriro uye kuderera kwenzanga dzinomuka panguva dzakasiyana uye dzakasiyana kumatunhu pose. The zvinhu neimwe civilizational vomunharaunda akatsanangura mamiriro avo akasiyana kwezvakatipoteredza: okunze kumaruwa, vavakidzani zvenhau uye zvichingodaro.
Izvi ndizvo Arnold Toynbee akatumidza mutemo nedambudziko uye mhinduro. Maererano nepfungwa dzake, chero anozivikanwa uye budiriro chakavanzika muka kubva pratsivilizatsionnyh munharaunda papiwa pamusana kufona wokunze. Uye ivo kana kufa kana kuumba nebudiriro mukufamba mhinduro yake. Somuenzaniso, paiva yeBhabhironi rekare uye pundutso muEgipita. Achipindura kuna dzisinganayi minda nokuda apone marudzi omunharaunda zvakafanira kusika gadziriro yose chakagadzirwa kudiridza migero, izvo zvaida pashure kungwarira yokuzvigadzirisa. Izviwo, zvakazoita kuti kuzvarwa midziyo nokumanikidzwa pakati vanhuwo zvavo, kuti chidzoke nepfuma, uye somugumisiro Hurumende, iyo akatora chimiro yebudiriro zvinosiyana kwokunze okunze.
Christian Ages Budiriro mu Russia yava yakabuda kuva paakasangana kuramba vachirwisa vemadzinza anongofamba dziite zvakasiyana Eastern necheSalvic madzinza. In bhuku ake "Kudzidza History" Toynbee yokutanga inotaura maviri chete kwebudiriro munyika yose munhoroondo yevanhu. Pakati pavo, tisingabatanidzi vaya ambotaurwa, Chinese yekare, ndero, Arabic, chiHindu, Andean, Minoan, Mayan, Sumerian, India, yokumadokero, navaHeti, Far East, vaviri dzechiKristu - mu Russia uye muBalkans, Iran, uye Mexican vokuYucatán. Mugore akazotevera vhoriyamu maonero ake huchibva hwachinja, uye nhamba kwenzanga ungaderedza. Mukuwedzera, dzakaitika akaona vamwe vomunharaunda vane mukana ave nebudiriro, asi vakanga vasingagoni kukunda pachake dambudziko rayo. Ndivo, Somuenzaniso, Spartans, romuMiddle Scandinavians, ivo muArabhu of inowanzorimwa Great.