Yefizikisi Faraday: Biography, buri

Chirungu yefizikisi Maykl Faradey, uyo akakurira mumhuri murombo, aiva mumwe mukuru masayendisiti munhoroondo yevanhu. pamabasa ake anoshamisa akaitwa panguva apo nesayenzi vazhinji vaponerwa ropafadzo mhuri. Nokukudzwa kwake, ainzi chairema capacitance - farad.

Faraday (yefizikisi): a pfupi Biography

Maykl Faradey akaberekwa musi waSeptember 22, 1791 muLondon, muUK guru. Aiva mwana vaJakobho Margaret Faraday retatu. baba vake aiva mhizha, uyo akanga ari utano murombo. Vasati varoorana, mai vake akashanda ari musikana. Mhuri vaigara urombo.

makore 13 Michael chikoro vemo, uko dzidzo yepuraimari. Kuti abatsire mhuri, akatanga kushanda bookshop mutumwa. Kushingaira mukomana mwoyo waaishandira. Pashure pegore kwaitsigirwa kuti mudzidziri webasa bookbinder.

Ndichisunga nesayenzi

Maykl Faradey aida kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro nyika; hazvina hakungoitwi kudzorerwa mabhuku. Pashure vaishingaira chaizvo daily basa, akapedza zvose vakasununguka nguva kuverenga mabhuku zvaakanga zvakanyatsobatana.

Zvishoma nezvishoma akawana kuti akava kufarira zvesayenzi. Iye kunyanya aifarira mabhuku maviri:

• "Encyclopedia Britannica" - panobva ruzivo yake nemagetsi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji.
• "Kukurukurirana musi Chemistry" - mapeji 600 pamusoro kemisitiri iri nyore nhoroondo rakanyorwa Dzheyn Marse.

Akanga kufarira kuti akatanga kushandisa chikamu kwavo zvishomanana zvakaoma pamusoro namakemikari uye midziyo kusimbisa chokwadi chii zvinorahwa.

Kuwedzera ruzivo rwavo rwezvesayenzi, akanzwa kuti yakakurumbira musayendisiti Dzhon Tatum aienda kupa nhevedzano hurukuro pamusoro dzinongoitika uzivi (wefizikisi). Kuti vapinde hurukuro aifanira kubhadhara muripo weUS mumwe shilling - yakawandisa Michael Faraday. Mukoma wake, Mhizha, mwoyo kukura kuzvipira kuna sainzi, munin'ina wake akamupa zvakafanira kuwanda.

Kujairirana Hamfri Devi

Faraday akatora rimwe danho nesayenzi kana William Dance, bhukusitoo mutengi akabvunza Michael kana akanga chero chido kuwana matikiti kuti hurukuro paImba Royal Institution.

Mudzidzisi, Sir Hamfri Devi, aiva mumwe munyika masayendisiti akakurumbira kupfuura nguva. Faraday akasvetuka panguva mukana uye vakashanyira hurukuro mina musi mumwe matsva nyaya kemisitiri - kutsunga acidity. Akaona kuedza, yaiitwa panguva Davy kwakaita hurukuro.

Yaiva nyika umo aizorarama. Faraday akatora manotsi, uye ipapo Extras vakawanda manotsi kuti akaita-peji 300 yokuverenga, chaakanga chakakombama uye Davy akatuma chiratidzo chokuonga.

Panguva ino kumashure muchivanze ari chemabhuku, Michael akatanga kuitisa yakagozha kuedza kusika wemagetsi bhatiri Mari emhangura zinc disks dzakaparadzaniswa nyoro acharungwa mapepa. Haana akarishandisa kuti kudzikisirana kwemakemikari zvinhu, zvakadai magnesium sulfate. In munda uyu wekemisitiri Hamfri Devi aiva piyona.

Muna October 1812 apedza kudzidzira basa Faraday, uye akatanga kushanda sechinhu bookbinder mumwe mushandirwi, raakanga awana havadi.

Hazvingavi munhu zvazvainge

Kwaiva kufara nenguva Faraday. Somugumisiro munhu akatadza kuedza Hamfri Devi akakuvadzwa: kwenguva sezvarakangoita anokwanisa kunyora. Michael akakwanisa mazuva mashomanana kuchengeta zvinyorwa Davy, pfungwa bhuku, raakanga atumwa.

Kana pfupi basa rapera mubatsiri, musayendisiti Faraday akatuma katsamba achimukumbira kuhaya mubatsiri. Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, mumwe wevanamakanika Davy akanga vanogumurwa pokusazvibata, uye Humphrey akabvunza Michael, kwete kuita kana aizoita kutora shama chigaro.

Kana aida kushanda panguva Royal Institution nomumwe yakakurumbira masayendisiti munyika? Chaiva mubvunzo wokuti.

Careers panguva Royal Institute

Faraday akatora hofisi March 1, 1813, pazera remakore makore 21.

Ari zvakanaka akabhadhara uye dzinounzwa kugara atiki mekamuri Royal Institute. Michael akafara kwazvo, uye ukama waro tsika haangazodzingi kwaizombomiswa kwemakore 54, munguva yaakanga vakakwanisa kuva purofesa wekemisitiri.

basa Faraday chaiva kugadzirira zvokushandisa kuitisa kuedza uye hurukuro paChikoro Royal Institution. Pakutanga, yava nayo senitrogen trichloride, imwe putika kuti vakavhiringidzwa Davy. Michael, zvakare, kana rinotevera kuputika muchidimbu ndafenda, uye apo Humphrey akakuvara zvakare, kuedza pamwe remubatanidzwa ichi dzakavharwa.

Pashure 7 months basa panguva Royal Institution Davy Faraday Akatora pamwe naye kushanyira Europe, izvo kwemwedzi 18. Panguva ino, Michael akakwanisa kusangana nyanzvi huru akadai Andre-Marie Ampere muParis uye Alessandro Volta muMilan. Mupfungwa, kuti revashanyi yakatsiva ake dhigirii yunivhesiti - Faraday akadzidza zvakawanda panguva iyi.

Zvisinei, zhinji revashanyi, akanga asiri kufara, nokuti Kuwedzera kutsvakurudza uye secretarial basa rakanga kushumira Davy wake. Mukadzi musayendisiti havana kuzviona akaenzana Faraday nokuda kwayo mavambo.

On paakadzoka London, zvose yakawira panzvimbo. Royal Institute akatangazve Michael chibvumirano uye kwakawedzera mubayiro wayo. Davy akatotanga kutaura rubatsiro wake mapepa zvesayenzi.

Muna 1816, ndava nemakore 24, Faraday akapa hurukuro yake yokutanga pamusoro ehupfumi nyaya. Chakaitirwa kuGuta youzivi Society. Zvadaro muna "Quarterly magazini sayenzi", akabudisa bepa yake yokutanga dzesayenzi pamusoro Kuongororwa calcium hydroxide.

Muna 1821, vava nemakore makore 29 Faraday kwaitsigirwa kuti musoro purazi uye murabhoritari yeHumambo Institute. Mugore iroro akaroora Sarah Barnard. Michael nomudzimai wake vaigara akatanga dzakawanda anotevera 46 makore, haichawaniki muna atiki uye hwomutambarakede kamuri yaiva kamwe inogarwa Hamfri Devi.

Muna 1824 Biography pakati Faraday (wefizikisi) aizivikanwa sarudzo yake sezvo nhengo Royal Society. Yakanga kuziva kuti akanga ari mudzidzi kunooneka.

Muna 1825 Faraday yefizikisi akava mutungamiriri murabhoritari.

Muna 1833 akava purofesa Fuller wekemisitiri panguva Royal kwo Great Britain. Faraday, chinzvimbo achisimudzira kusvikira parufu rwake.

Muna 1848 uye 1858 akakumbirwa kuti achatungamirira Royal Society, asi iye akaramba.

kubudirira kwesayenzi

Kutsanangura kuwanikwa Faraday muna wefizikisi, zvinoda zvinopfuura chimwe bhuku. Kwete mukana Albert Eynshteyn muhofisi yake vakaramba mifananidzo matatu chete masayendisiti: Isaaka Nyutona, James Maxwell uye Michael Faraday.

Oddly zvakakwana, kunyange panguva upenyu musayendisiti vakatanga kushandisa shoko "wefizikisi", iye pachake haana kuita izvozvo, uye aigara aizviti muzivi. Faraday aiva murume, uyo akaenda kuburikidza kuedza kuti zvakawanwa, uye aizivikanwa kuti akanga asina zvasiya pfungwa yakauya kuonga kunzwisisa nesayenzi.

Kana akafunga kuti pfungwa yakanga kwakakodzera, akaramba kuedza, pasinei nezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda, haasati asvika zvinotarisirwa kana haisati chokwadi kuti Amai Nature vaudzewo naye zvakaipa, izvo zvinoitika chaizvo kashoma.

Saka Faraday yakawanikwa wefizikisi? Heano mamwe ake kupfuura akakurumbira kubudirira.

1821: yawanikwa remagetsi kutenderera

Raiva harbinger chii pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe imwe electric motor. Opening kwaibva dzidziso Oersted rinobva zvivako zviri waya kuburikidza iyo Magetsi Rwako.

1823: gasi liquefaction uye Refrigeration

Muna 1802, Dzhon Dalton akataura kuti magasi zvose zvinogona liquefied yakaderera tembiricha kana kumusoro zvisingatauriki. Yefizikisi Faraday akaratidza izvozvo empirically. Akatanga akatendeuka kuiisa chlorine uye amoniya iri mvura.

Liquid amoniya achiri kufarira chokwadi kuti, sezvataurwa ne Maykl Faradey, ivo wefizikisi waro kwemvura kunokonzera kutonhora. Nheyo kutonhora kuburikidza kwemvura chakagadzirwa Zvakaratidzwa pachena William Cullen Edinburgh 1756 mu The Scientific ane pombi kutura nevamwe chinu pamwe Eteri, izvo zvakazoita kwayo nokukurumidza kwemvura. Izvi zvakakonzera kuti kutonhora, uye pamusoro kunze chinu kubva mumhepo mwando akaumba chando.

Kukosha pakuvhurwa Faraday rakanga kuti zvemaziso pombi anogona exchange gasi kuti mvura pa nzvimbo tembiricha. Zvadaro sasana nemvura, kutonhora kumativi ose, kuti ikabereka gasi inogona anounganidzwa uye compressed achishandisa pombi kuva mvura zvakare, vachidzokorora kutenderera. Ndiwo sei sefiriji ano uye mafiriza kumhanya.

Muna 1862 paGungano World Exhibition muLondon, Ferdinand Carré akaratidza hwezvokutengeserana muchina wokutanga kwenyika kuti kugadzirwa chando. In muchina sezvo iri akashandisa kutonhora mura amoniya, uye yakabereka chando pamwero kg 200 paawa.

1825: Kuwanikwa benzene

Kare, kuti benzene yazova chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinhu mu kemisitiri, nenzira inoshanda pfungwa, kureva rinoshandiswa kusika zvinhu zvitsva, uye yokungotaura - .. Nokuti kunzwisisa makemikari chisungo. Scientist yakawanikwa benzene iri jikichira Zvakasara gasi kurimwa okuvimba muLondon.

1831: Mutemo Faraday waMwari, nzira, wefizikisi pamusoro remagetsi induction

Iyi yaiva zvikuru kuwana ramangwana nesayenzi uye ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu. Mutemo Faraday raMwari (Physics) inopa kuti rakatumbuka remagineti induces magetsi mudunhu, uye wakadenha electromotive simba iri Proportional kune mwero nokuchinja zvakananga kuti rinobva nekubudisa. Imwe yacho inobvira vakanyoresa | E | = | dΦ / DT |, apo E - EMF uye F - zvinoyerera.

Somuenzaniso, kutamira pamwe chidhongi magineti waya unobereka ane zvemagetsi uno, sezvo kwebasa magineti kunokonzera rinobva rakatumbuka munda. Asati ichi chete tsime simba raiva bhatiri. Maykl Faradey, kuvhurika umo yefizikisi dzakaratidza kuti sangano inogona dzikwanise magetsi, kana, mune mamwe mazwi kwesayenzi, asi kinetic simba inogona dzikwanise magetsi simba, saka achizivawo kuti vakawanda simba mudzimba dzedu nhasi unoitwa chete ichi pfungwa.

Kutenderera (kinetic simba) iri dzikwanise magetsi tichishandisa remagetsi induction. A kutenderera, akavapindurawo, inotengwa nevanhu kuitwa mukuru-kumanikidzwa hwemvura turbine vanowanika simba pamusoro marasha, gasi kana maatomu, kana mvura kufurirwa iri Hydroelectric kana mhepo nevezera iri mhepo simba miti.

1834: mitemo electrolysis

Faraday yefizikisi mupiro chikuru kuti kusikwa itsva Sayenzi electrochemistry. Rinotsanangura chii chiri kuitika pamuganhu electrode chikamu pamwe ionized nyaya. Pamusana Electrochemistry tishandise lithium-Ion mabhatiri uye matochi, zvokudya ano Mobile ano. Mitemo Faraday kuti zvinokosha kunzwisisa edu electrode siyana.

1836: nokugadzirwa yacho zvaitawo mukamuri

Yefizikisi Faraday akaziva kuti kana munhu zvemagetsi kondakita akapiwa, chero kupomera zvakawandisa rinoungana rokunze rutivi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mukati kamuri kana keji wakaita resimbi, chimwezve nokuchengeta hariwaniki. Somuenzaniso, mumwe munhu akapfeka sutu Faraday, t. E. With resimbi lining, kwete pachena kune kwokunze magetsi. Kuwedzera kudzivirira vanhu Faraday keji anogona kushandiswa zvemagetsi kana electrochemical kuedza nehanya nechitarisiko chipingaidzo. Firimu mukamuri kunogona kusika zvikamu afa Mobile kukurukurirana.

1845 Panovhurwa Faraday maturo - magneto-Manyiminya mugumisiro

Chimwe kuedza chinokosha munhoroondo nesayenzi chiitiko kokutanga akaratidza kubatana kwakaita yemagetsi uye chiedza, izvo 1864 yakatsanangurwa zvizere nokuda equations Jakobho Zvipikiri Munzeve Maxwell. Yefizikisi Faraday akawana kuti chiedza chiri remagetsi sefungu "Kana pakatarisana rinobva namatanda vari kudivi rimwe, izvozvo ane zvainoita chiedza inobudisa, izvo saka ndiye kubatana pakati rinobva simba uye chiedza ...

1845 Kuwanikwa diamagnetism sezvo zvivako nyaya yose

Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva ferromagnetism ari muenzaniso kwakajairika magnets a. Faraday (yefizikisi) vakaona kuti zvose zvinhu zviri diamagnetic - vakawanda vavo zvishoma, asi panewo simba. Diamagnetism pakatarisana nechokugedhi rakaiswa remagineti. Somuenzaniso, kana ukaisa rwokumusoro danda vane zvakasimba diamagnetic zvinhu, ichava mavambo. Diamagnetism mune zvinhu kunokonzerwa simba chaizvo magnets a ano zvinogona kushandiswa kuwana levitation. Kunyange zvipenyu zvakadai matatya, muri diamagnetic uye dzinogona kuyengerera mune simba remagineti.

magumo

Maykl Faradey, kuti yefizikisi ane Zvakawanikwa revolutionized sayenzi, akafa musi August 25, 1867 muLondon pazera makore 75. Mukadzi wake Sarah akararama kwenguva yakareba. Vaviri akanga asina vana. Kwoupenyu hwake aiva muKristu akazvipira uye vaiva vashoma yeRoma kechitendero sandemaniantsev.

Panguva upenyu Faraday akakokwa yemariro muna Westminster Abbey pamwe madzimambo uye navanamambokadzi Huru Britain uye masayendisiti akaita Isaac Newton. Aramba kuti zvimwe mwero mhemberero. guva rake, rinova akaviga Sara, anogona kuwanikwa pana Highgate Cemetery muLondon.