Venezuela kuti upfumi: zvayakaita uye kukura

Venezuela - mumwe inoti kupfuura vari kondinendi South American. It ine zvitsuwa zvinoverengeka muGungwa Caribbean, remasangano rinonzi Margarita. Country nzvimbo 916 sq. M. muganhu? km pamwe Brazil uye Colombia. Pakutanga 2017 vemo akanga haawanzotauri mamiriyoni 31 vanhu.

Senzira yeUnited zvokuvhoterwa inotungamirwa President Nicolas Maduro, 21 netsvimbo. Hwaro Vagari Venezuelans (zvizvarwa maIndia uye vokuSpain) - 67% vokuEurope - 21% kubva vechitema - 10%.

Climate dzinongoitika ezvinhu

The chinokosha ndechokuti bani nharaunda kuti rwizi Orinoco. Kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumavirira tatamuka Caribbean eAndes wemakomo eJudhiya Cordillera of Mérida, kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva chikamu Gvinskogo chirefu rwenze.

Okunze unodziyirwa Sub-Equatorial. Vazhinji gore dzekuchamhembe anotambura kwemvura, apo nechepakati mudunhu mwaka hwekazhinji kuchinaya.

Zvinomera pabutiro mupfumi uye zvakasiyana-siyana: Mangroves, xerophytic, muto AZHUTHA, yakaoma savanna varefu, Deciduous dzinopisa masango, Gilea nezvimwewo ...

Kukura Venezuelan upfumi

vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti anotsanangurwa nyika mu Latin America - wokutanga mafuta ekisipota yacho. Muzana XVI remakore Upfu goridhe dema wokutanga vayambuka hafu nyika munzira kuenda Madrid. In XVII-XVIII emakore, chikuru ekisipoti zvinhu zvaiva indigo neshuga, gare gare - but uye kofi. Muna 1922, pedyo neLake Maracaibo Cabimas mumusha mumwe yeminda mafuta kupfuura akawanikwa, izvo chakaratidza mavambo mafuta tiguu uye akaita zvinoshamisa muna Venezuelan upfumi.

minda Location pedyo napedyo kugungwa, yakaderera mararamiro (zvakachipa basa) uye yakakwirira zvinogona matsime wakatsamwisa vafarire mumapoka mafuta. Mumakore ose Second World War akawanikwa ndokuiswa kushanda muminda itsva, makore mashoma gare gare vakasvika anokwana nharaunda 68 zviuru ba. M. ? km.

In rezasi kunosvika of Orinoco River guru simbi mhangura deposits pazvakawanikwa, kukura kwakanga pakarepo intercepted ne US nevhu rakawandisa. Muna 1970 bhuku yokumwe upfumi muupfumi Venezuela kukura kwakanga $ 5.5 billion. 11% kubva ati mari nazvo US.

Kubva 1975-1980 iye. State inogarwa aitungamirira nezvetsika zvoupfumi muLatin America. Achishingaira akatanga kukudziridza kwezvivako.

danho rinokosha mumugwagwa rusununguko uye nyika uchangamire aiva nationalization mafuta uye nesimbi mhangura indasitiri. Nheyo Venezuelan upfumi zvino nhema zvizere neHurumende. Mumaindasitiri dzakawanda, makambani vatorwa vakakokwa kuti vazviise 80% rokutambudzikira nyika vagari kwemakore matatu.

Import uye Export

Nyanzvi dzinoti 50% youpfumi Venezuela kwakaita - ndiro wokumwe kutengeserana. mugove wokutengesa The weshumba chakaita kuti mafuta uye anoenderana zvigadzirwa, simbi mhangura kudiwa. Pane zvakarongwa pamusoro ekisipoti - kofi, but, asbestos, ndarama, shuga, mabhanana, mupunga, matehwe, mombe, dondo.

Pokutanga kupinzwa - yepamusorosoro zvokushandisa, motokari uye zvinoriumba uye mbishi zvokuvakisa mafuta, maindasitiri zvibereko zvavo rinodyiwa. kuwedzera zvokudya kupinzwa Gore negore, t. To. Agriculture iri kuderera uye asingakwanisi zvinodiwa vemo. Vazhinji mutengo zvatengwa chakaita kuti United States - anopfuura mabhiriyoni 3,5 emadhora pagore.

extractive indasitiri

The chikuru zvibereko migodhi indasitiri - simbi mhangura. Mikuru Minda El Pao, San Ysidro uye Cerro Bolivar Zvisaririra zvikaramba akazaruka nzira uye rine 70% yesimbi. Annual Kugadzirwa yake mamiriyoni 15-17 matani, 90% zvakatuswa aivigirwa kuna America uye Europe.

Munharaunda Upaty (Guiana Highlands) mined manganese mhangura. The Caribbean eAndes duku yakawanda nickel dzokubudisa rinoitwa, kutungamirira, zingi, asbestos, sirivha. Mune Suburban nharaunda San Cristobal yakatanga phosphorite mhangura.

Gold kuchera chiri kuitwa El Callao. Pano ari kushingaira kuwana kugadzirwa tichimhanya nedhaimani (700-800 zviuru carats pagore). In Kuchivero bheseni yakawanikwa hombe dhipoziti kuti dombo rinokosha uye nedhaimani achiperekedzwa fivha. Kwemakore anoverengeka Venezuela ane kupfuura kwemangoda nokutengesa nzvimbo pakati kunyika Latin America.

kugadzira

Maererano vakawanda mashoko pamusoro Venezuelan upfumi kusvikira 2013. painocheneserwa, zvemakemikari uye muchina-chivakwa indasitiri iri kukura nokukurumidza. Kunyange zvakadaro, vanopfuura 50% chakakomba kukosha chigadzirwa anopa Whitehead Textile, zvokudya, huni, dehwe uye shangu indasitiri.

Development makurusa simbi mhangura deposits akapa zvakasimbisa kukura metallurgia indasitiri. Munharaunda zvinomera wandei ine kutenderera uye nzvimbo yakakwana yemagetsi yamavira, aruminiyamu zvinomera, uye zvichingodaro. D.

kugadzirwa

At moyo kukura zvokuimba okugadzira mumotokari gungano indasitiri. upfumi Venezuela anogona zvishoma se rubatsiro miti yokuti pagadzirwe zvokushandisa zvokurima, nematarakita anofamba, midziyo kuvaka, maturusi nezvimwe zvakadaro. D. Kuumba makambani kuti gadzira terevhizheni uye redhiyo michina. Chinhu chikuru kuvakwa muna migodhi, mafuta uye kugadzira Mazinga kunomutsa pakusikwa maindasitiri nzvimbo yokuti pagadzirwe zvokuvakisa.

zvipfuwo

Rutoto mombe ne 55% rinorondedzera kukosha zvokurima kugadzirwa. The kumapurazi vari pfungwa iri plains.

dheri kurima nzvimbo - mupata reCaracas, nembiya ose Valencia uye Maracaibo. Munzvimbo idzi shiri vateresi kuwanisa guta mazai uye nenyama. Oma Caribbean Coast (State of Lara), inozivikanwa zvikuru mbudzi namakwai kumapurazi. Mumakore 15 apfuura, kukura kwebasa zvipfuwo yekudyidzana kwakapfuura zvichienzaniswa zvirimwa. Vakawedzera vakawanda chikamu mapurazi makuru kuti kushandisa nzira ano kurimwa uye kutarisirwa mhuka.

Fisheries chiitiko kuchamhembe kwenyika (mhenderekedzo Venezuela, Maracaibo Lake). Positive kukanganisa upfumi Venezuelan nhasi vane ingwe kuti shrimp - kupfuura vanokosheswa uye airemekedzwa nevanhu gourmets chigadzirwa.

Forest Crafts hadzina kupiwa zvikuru kukosha. Workpiece tannins, Vanilla, guayabovoy nebwe rabha inoshandiswa perfumery uye pharmacology, kuitwa usingashandi zvizhinji.

chirimwa

Hurumende ine rekodhi Latin America kuwanda panyika arable. Kupatsanurwa chete chetatu chazvo. Maererano achangobva kubuda ari Venezuelan upfumi chirimwa ichaongororwa kupfuura shure zvekutepfenyura.

45% unonyatsoratidza zvokurima zvigadzirwa kunopa kurima. 2/3 kwenyika arable vari kusimbiswa kuchamhembe. Muna plains chirimwa kukura murwizi uye mujinga eAndes. The dambudziko nzvimbo - kusanaya kwemvura. Kuti vagadzirise dambudziko, hurumende yakatanga chirongwa pakagadzwa mvura Kutarisira inotevera makore 30 pakuvaka madhamu uye kudiridza hurongwa sangano mamiriyoni 2 hectares nyika.

Cheshanu nzvimbo inogarwa huru ekisipoti zvirimwa - but uye kofi. Raw mashoko zvemiti kunozorodza chinwiwa inokura mune makomo inoti okumusoro-kumadokero. Raw zvinhu nokuti ruzhinji chocolate munyika iri kuenda inoti zviri muCaribbean. Muna plains donje zvirimwa dzabudapo okupedzisira makore 8-10, fodya uye Sisal.

senga

On muganhu Venezuela zvinoreva kukurukurirana anoparadzirwa vanoiswa. The kunonyanyisa wevasungwa migwagwa uye njanji - kuchamhembe. Ekupedzisira vane pfupi, unconnected mutsetse kureba 1.4 zviuru. Km. Passenger uye ¾ mitoro kubudikidza mugwagwa.

Orinoco River - huru womukati gang, kutumirwa motokari anodzokororwa pamusoro madhamu Maracaibo uye Valencia. Kushaya uye murombo unhu venyika Railways ndanyarara hangu cabotage nemugungwa. Rapanzvimbo penyanza mushambadzi rengarava ndomumwe vatungamiriri nhatu South America. Nokuti aina oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo uye anoenderana zvigadzirwa takashongedzerwa pamwe 23 zvengarava, kuti Export uye imupota zvimwe zvinogadzirwa - kunyange 8.

Zvikuru kukosha kuti upfumi Venezuela ane mhepo Links kure kumaodzanyemba uye kumabvazuva kumatunhu. vendege dzose kubatanidza guta namaguta makuru, minda mafuta uye mugodhi nzvimbo.

zvoupfumi

2013th akava dzinouraya gore nokuda Venezuelan upfumi hwenyika. Dambudziko kwakaitwa mabhora ose oupenyu paruzhinji. By default akaponesa dzakakwirira chete mitengo nekuda huru ekisipoti chinokosha - mafuta. Kwekutanga gore rino, kusati kwatombova yacho Maduro munyika paruzhinji chikwereti vakasvika 70% kubva GDP apo bhajeti dhefisiti 14%. Pamugumo 2013th mitengo yakanga 56,3%. Pakadaro, paramende akapa purezidhendi mutsva zvashata masimba. Kusangana zvinotarisirwa emamiriyoni vavhoti, ari rubatso akazivisa zvoupfumi inogumbura makanga akatanga muganhu pamusoro mari private emakambani 30%. Munyika paiva rikwanise kuperevedza zvinokosha hazvo - shuga, ruomba, tishu. Vakuru vakuru vehurumende vachibvumirana akataura kuti chikonzero pokuwa Venezuelan upfumi uori, kufungidzira uye kuvhiringidza kunopfuurira hondo zvemari pamusoro mamiriro. Maduro akatanga chirongwa kundorwa yokufungidzira. Pashure mwedzi idzva zvokutengeserana basa Daka zvakarukwa akanga nationalized. Nokuti pakagadzwa varikumahombekombe pamusoro zvigadzirwa muna 100% panzvimbo bvumidzwa 30% chepfuma uye kurapa muzvitoro vakasungwa.

2015: kuwa muna mitengo mafuta

Muna 2014, ivo Venezuelan upfumi, iro rave zvinobudirira vakatamira kurutivi richibva dambudziko, yakadengenyeka mumwe nokurova. World mafuta mitengo kunge zvikuru akaramba. In tichienzanisa rapfuura gore, mari kubva kunze kwenyika goridhe dema yakaderera nezvikamu 1/3. Mukuedza kuderedza bhajeti dhefisiti of Central Bank anozivisa kwenguva refu zvikwereti, zvichiguma mitengo kubva 150% (pamutemo mashoko September 2015). Kutora chimwe kuedza ekuderedza mitengo, hurumende iri kukura kunzwisisa hurongwa wokumwe exchange. Nechekare pavhiki papera mukuru dhora Gengi akapfuudza musika anopfuura 100 nguva. Vanobatisisa dzidziso pamusoro Chavismo, paramende inotungamirirwa purezidhendi kungogumira zvokudya mitengo pane akafurira zvachose dhefisiti kuti zvinokosha hazvo.

2016: zvinhu zviri kuwedzera kuipa

Muna January, kuruboshwe Socialist Luis Muvavarirwa anosarudzwa kuti achatungamirira Bazi Economy. Anoenderana nedzimwe nhengo administrative midziyo Maduro mukuru anoona chikonzero matambudziko upfumi Venezuela muna pebindu, uye hondo zvemari Europe nezvokuwadzana nyika yake.

Maererano IMF vanofungidzira muna 2016 ari GDP kuwa iri kusvika 20%, skyrocketing urovha - 25%, kuti bhajeti dhefisiti ndiyo 18% kubva GDP. Mitengo kubva 550% muna zvachose zvokunze chikwereti anodarika $ 130 billion ose zuva kukuvadza Venezuelan zvoupfumi kuti kutyora chibvumirano.

Banknote mukuru unhu - 100 bolivars aikosha 17 US cent. Hyperinflation negates ari kutenga simba venyika. Maererano veko Centre Documentation uye Analysis (Cendas) zvinokosha chikafu tswanda mhuri ndewe masere nguva shoma mubayiro.

Mazuvano: zvinokonzera dambudziko

Huru zvinoita kuti vanotsamwisa kwoupfumi destabilization, muri STRUCTURAL enyika nheyo, kunyanya, ari kuvimba kupinzwa, unopinza donhwe munyika mitengo mafuta, uye zvachose mamiriro kudzora kugadzirwa nokuparadzirwa zvinogadzirwa zvokudya.

Nokuda kuwedzera ezvoupfumi mamiriro muVenezuela mukuvamba 2017 uye kuramba President Maduro kuchengetedza referendum pamusoro yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita kune enyika nzira ehurumende zvave vakawanda okutsutsumwa mumaguta makuru. Vanodarika miriyoni vagari kugutsikana zviito zviremera akawana Downtown mumigwagwa zvinodiwa zvakachengetwa kuunza zvinokosha zvinhu - furawa, mazai, mukaka, uye mishonga.

The kupikiswa mhosva yacho incumbent musoro wehurumende mukutsvaga Anti-evanhu mitemo mudzvanyiriri Ugo Chavesa, izvo zvakaita kuti yakadzika dambudziko yakawedzera kuderera mitengo mafuta. Uyewo, Nicolas Maduro akapomera munyika vakakwirira ari boycott hwenyika kuitira kuti vabudirire pazvinangwa zvavo nzira uori.