Vamwari nyika yekare: zvawanyora uye Vhuṱanzi pamusoro pavo

Vanotsvakurudza pakupedzisira vanoti nhoroondo yevanhu haazivi chero vanhu, kuramba kuvapo vamwe simba yakakwirira chinotungamirira pasi dzavo, uye dzimwe nguva humwe upenyu. Nepfungwa vavo zvakachinja kukura yebudiriro, uye kunobva kwavari yakabuda muzvitendero pakuwanda kupukunyuka, uye akanyura mugomba makore anosundwa nguva. Ngatiyeukei chete vamwe vamwari nyika yekare, huchibva, maererano kazhinji akagamuchira tsanangudzo, muna prehistoric nguva shoma V remakore uye, apo nyika vakapinda Nguva mangwanani Middle Ages.

Drevneshumerskie nouMwari

Tanga kutaura magamba uye vanamwari nyika yekare kuti nyaya yechitendero dzidziso sevaSumer vaigara muMesopotamia (Iraq ano) uye zvakasikwa pakutanga IV chemakore. BC. e. pasi budiriro yenyika. yokutanga Nezvavanotenda uye avo mungano wakadenha kwakavakirwa kunamata vanamwari vakawanda ─ demiurge creators zvenyika uye zvose zviri mairi, uyewo midzimu, kuvazvidza vanhu akasiyana-siyana oushumiri hwavo.

Zvichida ichi ndicho chinonyanya vanamwari vekare zvenyika, zvakasara mashoko nokururamisira kwakakwana. Mukusarudza nzvimbo pakati pavo rwaigara mwari An (kana Anu). Maererano Sumerian mungano, aiva mumwe demiurge akasika nyika, uye paiva pamberi pasi chakaparadzaniswa kudenga. Zvimwewo celestials aifarira somunhu simba zvazvisingarambiki, kuti sevaSumer nguva dzose vanoratidzwa naye achitungamirira panguva matare dzavamwari, izvo akaronga kutaura kutsoropodza nyaya.

Pakati Sumerian vanamwari-vanoitisana anozivikanwa zvikuru Marduk, ane zita riri chokuita hwaro uye pakuzadzisa rimwe remaguta kupfuura zvenyika yekare ─ Bhabhironi. Zvaidavirwa kuti ndiye guta chikwereti chacho yasimuka uye kubudirira. Characteristically, sezvo ekare Metropolis kukura kuwedzera kunamata kwakapararira akatora anorichengeta ake. Mune vanamwari Sumerian Marduk akapiwa nzvimbo sezvaiitwa kare vamwari Greek Jupiter pakati.

vakaramba chido

Somuenzaniso, mashoko Sumerian mungano zvakakodzera kutaura mumwe nyaya Goddess Ishtar, akabudirira kuvazvidza zvakadaro zvinoita kuchipesana zvinhu, kufanana rudo uye hondo. Hwakawanda huripo ngano vanotiudza kuti rimwe zuva moyo mwarikadzi rudo kwakapisa akashinga gamba rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira vakadzoka kubva pokurwa, umo akakunda kuonga kwake patronage.

Pabasa Ishtar aida kuva gamba wake, asi akanga akaramba nekuti rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira wakanzwika kwete chete pamusoro wake vasingaverengeki rudo nyaya, asiwo pamusoro nzira kuzodzosera kunetsa mukono madandaude, mapere, makwai, uye zvimwe zvisikwa mbeveve. Chokwadi, izvi hazvina namaoko vakaburukira, pashure zvose, chii chingava kupfuura kutsiva vakaramba vakadzi?

nzombe yokudenga

Angry Ishtar akakwira kudenga vabereki vake ─ mukuru mwari Anu wake Antu, uyo akaudza pokunyadziswa ake. Kutsiva, iye akanyengetedza vakwegura kusika wake nzombe kudenga anotyisa, anogona kuparadza rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira. Zvikasadaro, mwanasikana vanopandukira vaityisidzira kumutsa kubva muguva vakafa uye kuvapa kudyiwa nevanhu.

Kuziva zvakaitika kuti nharo naye mwanasikana maturo, An uye Antu akazadzisa wake chikumbiro. On pasi mwarikadzi vakadzoka pamwechete nenzombe, ndiko kutanga kunwa mvura yose iri rwaYufratesi, vakatanga kuparadza anotambudzika sevaSumer. Uye aizouya pakupera ichi ekare, asi, sezvinei, akasvika chete rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira uyo, pamwe shamwari yake Enkidu akakunda chikara uye akauya chitunha chake kuti chibayiro vamwe, zvikuru vakadzikama vanamwari vose.

Rinoguma iri ngano kuti Ishtar, akamira masvingo kuguta rekare Uruk, rokuBhabhironi Gilgamesh, twunomirira damn dzakaminama uye akanga aunganidza Sumerian zvifeve, zvikuru chema navo nzombe akavhiringirwa. Sei aida kuti mumiririri uyu mukuru wokupupura ─ nhoroondo yakanyarara.

The Lost kupunduka

It chete unoramba kuwedzera kuti vanamwari zvenyika yekare, airemekedzwa nevanhu sevaSumer, ndiyo yakakura. To kare mazita wedzerai chete kupfuura inonyatsozivikanwa: asi Anunnaki, Hadhadhi, Bel, Dumuzi, Inanna, Tiamat, Tamuzi, Sumukan, Sina uye Tsarpanitu.

In pemwedzi II zviuru. BC. e. State Schumer akapa nzira dzokuwana Babylonian Empire simba, uye mutauro Sumerian somunhu kutaura kushandiswa. Asi mumwe anenge zviuru 2. Years pariri zvakanyorwa mabhuku mabasa, mamwe dzakafukurwa panguva matongo Zvakafukunurwa.

vanamwari veIjipiti

Nhoroondo nyika yekare iri vasingasiyani kubva chido vanhu kuziva nyika zvakamupoteredza, dzimwe nguva inotyisa uye azere kwegore risingapindiki chakavanzika kwavari. Uchapupu VaIjipiti vekare vakaedza kunzwisisa maumbirwo ayo pakusikwa dzakawanda vanamwari zvazova chigadzirwa yavo fungidziro uye somunhu kwavari nemasimba.

A maitiro chepfungwa chitendero yekare vaIjipiti aiva kudavira naMwari kwakabva vanaFarao, iyo kwaibva simba ravo Mhedziso. Sezvo vokudenga madzishe uye navabati venyika havana nguva noushamwari vanhu, uye nokuda kwevaya uye nevamwe vaifanira Kuyananisira kwete chete minyengetero uye rumbidzo, asi zvibayiro, hunhu izvo dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana munhu they uyo akanga achida.

Vamwari nyika yekare uye nhema kuti vanoudza nezvavo, nguva dzose aiva yakajeka peji tsika nyika. Hakuna Kusara uye rakakura vanamwari, akaberekwa pamahombekombe aNairi. Vezvenhau panyaya 2 zviuru. Vamiririri Its, asi nokudenga kunamata ainakidzwa hapana anopfuura 100 vavo, ukuwo vamwe kunamata wakange munharaunda hunhu.

Sezvineiwo, pamwe Kuchinja inogara mauto enyika yachinja uye hierarchical nzvimbo munyika vari kuita vanamwari izvi kana zvimwe. History of Ancient World, uye Ijipiti zvikurukuru, izere mhirizhonga uye kusagadzikana, mugumisiro zvakanga kakawanda kuchinja dzevatongi, kuti tichaona zvakachinja mamiriro kunyanya airemekedzwa vanamwari. Zvichakadai, mukuru pantheon anogona kudoma zvinoverengeka vatambi vane "kureva" akanga nguva refu munhoroondo yebudiriro yekare muIjipita.

Kumusoro naMwari akanyatsorongwa

Izvi chikuru musiki zvose zvepanyika ─ mwari Amoni-Ra, aizivikanwawo pasi mazita yaAmun kana Atum. Ndiye kwainzi baba vanaFarao zvose. Dzimwe nguva, dzemwoyo vaIjipiti Amoni-Ra akatora mukadzi chimiro, uye ipapo akadana mwarikadzi Amunet. mwari uyu Aipfeka Somukadzi kunyanya kunamatwa muna Thebes, kwenguva refu nguva iri renyika. Kazhinji, inotsanangura munhu nguvo youmambo uye korona, akashongedzwa minhenga, vanenge ─ ari muchimiro hanzi kana gondohwe.

Zvishoma muduku kwaari kukurumbira mwari wokubereka uye pashure porufu, Osiris, mazita chinotevera hama zvakakonzera iye kuremekedza. Kuva mwanakomana mwari wenyika Geb uye denga mwarikadzi Nut, akatora mukadzi wake kumba Isis hanzvadzi ─ aidzivirira wokubereka, amai, utano uye gungwa kufamba (michato consanguineous vari hazvirambidzwi panguva iyoyo). Kugara Nhaka kubvira panguva musoro mutongi mukuru, akadzidzisa vaEgipita kuva nyika, kuchengeta mitemo uye kuti kukudza vanamwari.

Chivande uye Rudo yokuIjipiti mungano

Zvisinei, sezvo vazhinji vanamwari vekare marudzi enyika, Osiris kuenda ukuru hwake kwave kuchiita dzakawanda dzakasiyana matambudziko uye vatsungirire. Zvakatanga nepfungwa yokuti mwari Seth renje rinosanganisa zvakaipa mafungiro, kumuuraya uye kuti atore nzvimbo mambo. Urongwa hwake achinyengera, akaziva zvikuru yepakutanga.

Amboita yendarama bhokisi kwenzvimbo yakakura uye kukoka mueni, pakati pavo pakange Osiris, ari akaipa akazivisa kuti ndichapa chindori ichi kuti munhu anogona kugara zvakanaka mariri. All kuedza, uye kana asvika Osiris, Seti rakavhuvhuta pachifunhiro charo pechipfuva, akamusunga netambo uye akaukandira Nile, iro nemafungu uye akananga kuna Mwari anoziva apo.

Sezvo kaiziva kunyangarika wake, Isis akaenda vachimutsvaka uye akawana muchipfuva chake vaizviita panguva yeFenikiya. Asi mufaro wake rokusamhanyira. Following achangopfuura Seti mberi Isis uye pamberi muviri wake hacked zvidimbu, achiparadzira navo Egipita.

Asi akaipa zvakaipa kwokufungidzira, uyo akanga kubata ─ mwarikadzi wakazviunganidza dzakawanda dzasara Osiris Amai akaita navo, saka zvikuru kubudirira zvokuti nokukurumidza akava nepamuviri mwanakomana wake Horus, uyo akazova mwari kunovhima uye inoratidzwa somunhu ane norukodzi musoro. Chitsitsinho, Gore akakunda Seti uye mai vake zvakabatsira kumutsa Amai nababa vake.

Zvimwe mugere muEgipita pantheon yekare

Ngatiyeukei zvimwe mazita vamwari nyika yekare, akararama pamahombekombe aNairi. Zviri pamusoro zvose mwari Shu. Iye nemudzimai wake Tefnut vakanga vagere vokutanga kudenga, vakasikwa mwari mukuru Atum uye chakaratidza kutanga kuparadzana pavo. Shu vaiona mwari chiedza chezuva uye mhepo. Akanga anoratidzwa murume ari chomumusoro ine chitima, apo mudzimai wake aiva Zvinoonekwa eshumbakadzi.

Chimwe mwari nyika yekare, runoonekwa ndiye zuva, aiva mutongi mukuru Ra. mufananidzo wake somunhu ane rukodzi musoro, korona yacho zuva dhisiki, kazhinji kuwana pamadziro temberi muIjipiti yekare yaitonga. A chinoratidza RA kukwanisa kwayo kuti kubudiswa ose zuva dzvene mhou Nut uye akashanda nzira yake nomumatenga, kuti svetuka kupinda muguva, kudzokorora zvose pamusoro zvakare mangwanani.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Osiris, izvo takakurukura kumusoro, asi mudzimai wake Isis, raiva imwe hanzvadzi inonzi Nephthys. Akanga ari nani rima mwarikadzi rufu uye basa mwene umambo vakafa yokuIjipiti mungano. Kubva zvavo pachivande iye akazviratidza chete kwezuva uye denga usiku panzira kuti vachipe muchikepe rake dema. mufananidzo wake anogona kazhinji kuoneka pamusoro sarcophagus pachifunhiro charo, parinowanika muchimiro mukadzi mapapiro.

Hachisi gurupu vanamwari veIjipiti anoenda nemazita akadai Sekhmet, Bastet, Nepid, mumwe Mönch, Ptah, Hathor, Shesemu, Honshu, Heket nevamwe vazhinji. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane pachake nhoroondo dzaro mufananidzo rabva pamusoro pamadziro temberi uye mukati menyika mapiramidhi.

Nyika vanamwari Greece yekare

Ancient nhema-kugadzira anenge yaiva kwakabatsira kukura yose European tsika, yakakwirira waro uchibata mu ichatonga zvine mbiri Hellas yekare. Nezvekwakabva nyika uye vanamwari muGirisi yekare, uyewo Egipita, zvinoita kwete netsaona. Creation zvose zvakabatanidzwa mukuru musiki, ane basa munyika iyi rinoitwa Zeus. Aiva mambo vose vamwe vamwari, ishe mheni uye pachake hune denga. In mungano Roman, razova chinhu kuwedzera Greek, mufananidzo uyu anoenderana Jupiter, takaberekwa tine chete zvivako uye kunze zvinhu nhaka tateguru rake. mudzimai Zeus kuti Hera aiva mwarikadzi amai ─ aidzivirira, kudzivirira vakadzi pakusununguka.

A maitiro chinoratidza rechiGiriki vanamwari ndiro yayo elitism. Kusiyana vacho ngano veIjipiti muna Hellas yekare, vaiva dzinokwana vanamwari 12 vaigara pamusoro pegomo Olympus uye aburuke pasi chete kana zvashata. Panyaya iyi, mamiriro vamwe vanamwari vaiva yekudyidzana yakaderera, uye ivo vakaita yechipiri basa.

Zvinokosha kutaura mumwe mamirire kuchiitwa vanamwari vechiGiriki uye Roman ─ vakaendeswa kumiririra bedzi yevanhu, achipa kukwana zviri nerimwe. Munyika yanhasi vanamwari vekare Greece zvinonyatsoziva kuvazivisa, sezvo emifananidzo yavo machena Hatigoni kuwana muenzaniso rekare unyanzvi.

The vepamusoro rechiGiriki pantheon

Zvose zvimwe chokuita hondo uye Akaperekedzwa ropa, akaraira, iri kumiririrwa vaGiriki vekare, vanamwari vaviri. Mumwe wavo aiva Ares, akanga rusingadzorwi nehasha uye zvinomudzora achizvicheka zvaiitwa inopisa kurwa. Zeus haana kufanana naye kungokurumidza bloodlust uye akashivirira chete Olympus nekuti aiva mwanakomana wake. Tsitsi kutinhira vaiva kudivi rake mwanasikana Athena ─ mwarikadzi akanaka hondo, uchenjeri uye ruzivo. Dziri musango rokurwa, izvozvo tames makakava munin'ina wayo zvakapfurikidza. In Roman mungano, yakafanana Minerva.

World wemagamba uye navamwari muGirisi yekare, zvakaoma kufungidzira pasina mwari Apollo ─ chiedza chezuva, nyanzvi murapi uye vaichengetedza pakati afungisisa anoti. zita rake rakava zita mhuri kunokwana sculptural mifananidzo embody mureza mukono runako. emakore anoverengeka gare gare nevaRoma Apollo mudzidziso mumufananidzo Febhi.

Mureza mukadzi runako, mu manzwisisire yake vaGiriki vekare, ndiyo mwarikadzi rudo Aphrodite, yaiva kumumvuri yeRoma Venus. Kuberekwa mugungwa furo, kunaka akatora pasi ake bapiro rudo, wanano, wembereko uye chitubu. Zviri kuziva kuti, pasinei nekuwanda kwazvo kodzera suitors, iye akapa chirema mwoyo Hephaestus (vaRoma rakatumidzwa Vulcan) ─ mwari blacksmithing, achisarudza nesimba nokushanda uye kuchengetedza murume akanaka varume kubva peGomo Olympus.

Kuti varege kugumbura mumwe wavamwari zvenyika yekare, verenga kamwe pamhenderekedzo Greece, ngatirambei yeuka aidzivirira mwedzi, wembereko, kunovhima uye hadzi dzakachena, Atemisi (VaRoma Diana), mubati ushe vakafa muHadhesi, mwari gungwa Poseidon (aizivikanwawo Neptune) uye richizvitenda akadhakwa, mwari, waini uye mafaro ─ Dionysus, nani kuzivikanwa nezita rake rechiRoma Mwari ainzi Bacchus.

Somuzana remakore rapfuura, nhamba vanamati vaMwari kwete chete haana yakaderera, asi ari kuwedzera ose gore, akatsaurira mitsetse mishomanana. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Dionysus akaberekwa somugumisiro rudo chakavanzika Zeus uye Theban muchindakadzi Semele. Godo mukadzi kutinhira, mwarikadzi Hera, mano, akauraya ake MIFANANIDZO chido wake, asi haana kukwanisa kuparadza vaivengwa mwana.

Zvavakanga vava kushandisa rubatsiro mwari Hemesi ─ mufambi uye connoisseur wemweya yevanhu, ─ Zeus muchivande kubva wake akapa mwanakomana wake dzidzo nymphs ─ patronesses upenyu zvakasikwa. Apo Dionysus akakura uye kubva rozovoschokogo mwana ikava yakanaka jaya, vakamupa pamuzambiringa uye ndakadzidza kubika kubva kupa upenyu-muchero chinodururwa. Kubvira ipapo, mubvandiripo mwanakomana waZeusi aiva mwari waini uye mitambo yokuzvifadza. Greece vagari vakamunamata, aishongedza pachavo pamwe nezvishongo muzambiringa mashizha uye vachiimba nziyo dzokukudza yake.

Kutanga kwenguva itsva

Vagari 12 kudenga haringorevi mazita ose vamwari nyika yekare, kuimbwa kamwe mudetembi wechiGiriki, achiripo kusvikira mweya yedu yakasiyana ngano dzekare. Asi kamwe vanova vagari Olympus, kunofuridzirwa zvifananidzo zvavo vakakurumbira vavezi vemabwe uye Painters ari akazotevera vemazera, vaiuya mukurumbira munyika ino kuvanzika kwatiri ukobvu emakore vamwari.

History Ancient, sezvinofungwa nevakawanda vakatenda, kwakaguma kuwa Rome muna 476, uye ake abdication wekupedzisira pamambo Romulus Augustus. Kubva iyoyo nyika akatamira itsva Danho okukura ─ vokutanga Middle Ages. Zvishoma nezvishoma akapinda yokukanganwa kwete chete nzira youpenyu yekare, asi vamwari kuti akasika uye akamudzivirira.

In panzvimbo yavo yakawanda pantheon akasvika ─ Mwari mumwe Musiki uye Musiki wezvinhu zvose. Kunamatwa kwavanamwari vekare akanzi rima zvechihedheni, uye vateveri vake vaisafanira zvishoma zvikuru kutambudzwa, pane vaya vari kupfuura ichangobva yakarongwa pamusoro vaKristu.