Vakarurama enyika uye mabasa ayo

Hondo Yenyika II yakaunza nyika chete nenhamo nokutambura. Rufu kupararira munyika, achitora mumaoko ake matema vana, vakura uye vachembera. Policy vanofanira kubvisa marudzi avo kurwira ndima. Mazana ezviuru majaya vakaenda mberi, kuti varege kudzokera.

Asi wakatendeuka kuti hondo kwaita rufu, kwete chete muhondo, zviri zvakare zvakakanganisa zvavo. Kunze zvisingaperi udzvanyiriri yeSoviet vanhu, zvikuru nezvinhu vaiva European vaJudha. Dzivirira zvapedzisira akakoniwa chete akarurama ari munyika.

achidana

Mushure Holocaust, kwakasarudzwa kuti mubayiro vaya vakanga hanya dambudziko navanhu vechiJudha. Izvi vakatora Israeri Institute of Holocaust uye Heroism. chirangaridzo ichi rakaumbwa muna 1953 uye ndakagadzwa tsika huru inofanira dzakachengeta wavaJudha.

Sangano basa

Tsika muruoko Vashem Israeri unoshanda uri mutemo unokosha pamusoro Memory of Shoah. Ndizvo anonzi Holocaust. The sangano rinoratidza aizviti menduru uye musoro "Marudzi Akarurama" kune avo munguva yevaNazi basa vaisagona kuramba hanya vanhu vechiJudha. Award anopiwa vasiri vaJudha pangozi hwavo kuponesa vanhu avo kubva vakaronga pakuparadzwa.

mazwi

"Hasidim umot On-nokusingaperi", kana zvashandurwa sezvariri, rinoreva "Vakarurama Pakati Pemamwe Marudzi." Izvi izwi rakavambwa Rabbinites. Iye rinoreva vasiri vaJudha vanochengeta mirayiro Noah vanakomana. The Jewish vanhu vaidavira kuti navo chete kuti vanhu vari aireva kuti ramangwana munyika.

Kokutanga izwi akazviratidza ari Maimonides. Aidavira kuti unogona kudana pauMwari. Kureva, muHedheni vakashumira mirairo nomwe nekuti vakaziva matsvene, saka vanofanira kuita. Mushure Maimonides rokuti vakashandisa masimba akawanda zvavanarabhi.

Chimwe tsananguro nokuti "Chassidim umot On-nokusingaperi" akapa bhuku waZohari. Rinoti vakarurama - avo vasiri vaJudha noruremekedzo kurapwa vaJudha havana kunzwa kusemeswa navo, uye kuita zvakarurama navo.

A dudziro ano zvinoratidza kuti vakarurama chenyika - muGiriki, atsigira muJudha nevaNazi uye nedzimwe kutambudzwa.

basa

Kazhinji kana totaura Holocaust, vakawanda vanoyeuka mativi rinopikisa maviri chete. Asi pane wechitatu. Maererano nomunyori wenhau dzakaitika Francois muuki, boka iri raiva vaya vakaponeswa vaJudha uye akavabatsira.

Richikura mabasa akadaro, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kwete chete ushingi, asiwo kuzvipira. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti vanhu vakanga vakavanza vaJudha vakatyisidzira mhirizhonga. dzavo uye kwete navo chete asiwo. Kunyanya pokutambudza chave pamwe navakarurama Eastern Europe.

West haisi zvakaipisisa zvokuti kukuvaradzwa, kunyange vari aizivikanwawo kune vanoitirwa ruvengo nevaNazi. Vamwe vatsvene vakaurayiwa, vamwe vakafira yevasungwa. Uyo yakamborwa kubatsira vaJudha, mukutya. Zvino wakatya, kwete chete nezviremera German, asiwo muvakidzani, Anti-oukuru mashoko.

Uchapupu - rufu Omani Mykolas Shimelisa. Akaurayiwa vemunzvimbo vezvourudzi kuti kubatsira vaJudha, izvo akavanza yake. In Switzerland, munhu akadaro aiva mupurisa Paul Grüninger. Akanga vanogumurwa uye kusungirwa chii akabatsira zvisiri pamutemo kuyambuka muganhu vaJudha.

Kazhinji, munhu akava kudzivirira rudzi urwu. Izvi zvaigona kunge vasina vomumusha uye nhengo dzemhuri youmambo. VaJudha akabatsira muchiuto, vadzidzisi, vapristi, varimi, vakuru vakuru vehurumende uye nevamwe.

rusununguko vanhu

Vakarurama hwenyika chingava chero nyika. KuPoland, nokuti nguva akaponesa vaJudha vanopfuura 120,000. Vakanga achibatsirwa vaviri vanhuwo uye vakakurumbira hunhu ari mamiriro. In simba iri rakanga kunyange sangano "Zegota", iro anobata rubatsiro vaJudha vari inogarwa mundima. zano iri kwakavakirwa Zofia Kozak-Schutska, uye akamubatsira Irena Sendler.

Ivo akatsutsumwa pamusoro Holocaust uye Netherlands, Norway, Belgium. Kana kutambudzwa vaJudha vakasvika Denmark, rose Vagari nyika aiedza kumira achidzivirira rudzi urwu. Against policies vakadaro waitsigira uye mhuri yeumambo. It rakarongwa nenzira chikepe: 7000 Danish vaJudha chikepe asvika Sweden. Ndicho 7/8 yose vechiJudha vakawanda Denmark. Pamusana kubatana uku vanhu mamiriro hondo vakafa vaJudha 60 chete.

Bulgaria akaratidzawo akatanga rubatsiro kuti vakaurayiwa nevaNazi. Vanhu akamiririra vaJudha vanopfuura zviuru 50. Chevaux Boris III sezvo aigona Vasinehanya Germany. It akakwanisa kutora vakatambudzwa enyika, saka kuti 50 000 vakaponeswa. Asi, zvinosuruvarisa vanopfuura 11.000 vakaurayiwa. VaJudha ava vakauya kuAuschwitz.

Kunyange zvazvo Germany yaiva nhare Holocaust, asi akasangana kusagutsikana ane mutemo nevaNazi. Madzinza veGermany muna 1943 kusvika kupfuura kuratidzwa pamusoro Anti-Semitism. Vakanga vachiedza kudzivirira vavanoda, ane chiedza ndichikutumirai mumisasa. Zvadaro Goebbels akasarudza: vaJudha Free German vane hama vakauya kumusangano, uye akavatuma basa kunodiwa. Saka, vanopfuura zviuru 2 vanhu vakaponeswa.

Kuti paakavapa?

Vakarurama Pakati Nations vanofanira kuongorora akawanda zvinodiwa:

• Batsirai mumwe / vaJudha vakawanda nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
• Vakarurama vanofanira kunzwisisa uye kufungidzira ruponeso zvakananga Jewish.
• Zviito zvake haafaniri ane vaingofunga akapoteredza, hazvifaniri kukurudzirwa mari kana zvimwe achishandisa muripo.
• Assistant akaenda nezvenyaya iyi, pasinei nokutyisidzirwa kuti upenyu hwavo uye hupenyu hwavo vadiwa.
• Zviito zvose zviri kupupurirwa mashoko avakarurama vakaurayiwa chero magwaro uye zvinyorwa, chichiratidza chokwadi cheruponeso.

Izvi zvinodiwa kubatsira Institute kuti mubayiro musoro Vakarurama Pakati Pemamwe Marudzi. The chikuru chinodiwa cheruponeso. Kakawanda, zviri pamusoro chokuratidza ichi kukudza munhu. nyaya vashoma pane munhau apo zvakanga zvakakodzera vhidhiyo uchapupu.

Statistics uye vakakurumbira

By pakutanga 2016 zvazikamwa kuti pane zvachose 26.119 vakarurama munyika. Tsika vanoti hazvigoni kuitwa mashoko aya, hapana goho, sezvo zvichiita kuti vawane mashoko ose. Asi varongi vari chivimbo kuti Eastern Europe vangavhiringidzwa zvakawanda vaponesi, kana asina mukomiyunisiti hwoudzvinyiriri kuti kuvharidzirwa nyika dzakawanda.

Zvino zvakaoma kuverenga zvose vaya aizokwanisa kupfeka ichi unokudzwa rokuremekedza. Kunyange zvakadaro, munyika 51 yenyika zvino kurarama zvakarurama. The Pamazita zvinogona refu chaizvo kudzokorora. Pane akawandisa Poles - vanopfuura zviuru 6 vanhu. Maviri nehafu zviuru rweUkraine, anenge 4,000 French, 5.500 Netherlanders, 1700 Belgians.

Pane inoti iyo mumwe chete akarurama .. Georgia, Egypt, Vietnam, Ireland, Cuba, Peru, Luxembourg, Japan, etc. MuRussia, ichi honorary zita paakavapa vanhu 197. Vashoma chokuita dzepamusorosoro vaponesi.

Polish pasi pevhu

Muna 1914, Yan Karsky akaberekerwa Lodz. Vakarurama hwenyika munguva yemberi, akagara ane divi wechiduku parutivi nevaJudha. Pausiku hondo akanga refutenendi Kumutungamiriri kuvamiriri dhipatimendi. Mukupera August 1939, iye akapiwa pachivande kuunganidza hurongwa. Chokutanga, Karski aiva musungwa Soviet Army, mushure mukutsinhana waiva neGermany wongoramba. Kubva ipapo, iye akakwanisa kutiza, nemhaka iyo Akaurayiwa mukutanga 1940s.

In Warsaw, akatangawo kurwisa uye akanga rekutakura wePolish Underground State. Kakawanda muchivande kusvika France neBritain, kuti aipa muchivande. Kamwe akatorwa uye akatumirwa Gestapo. Ikoko, iye akatambudzwa, asi pashure kuedza kwake kuzviuraya akanga aponesa vokuPoland pevhu sangano, iyo kwakasimbiswa chaizvo kushanda kununura Kara.

Pashure kupora kwake, akaramba kupinda mukati Warsaw cram, apo, achinyepedzera kuva musoja Ukrainian vakatarisa vaJudha senhapwa. Zvaakanga aona, nguva dzose akaramba mumwoyo make. Raiva basa rokupedzisira, waiva Jan Karski. Akarurama Marudzi akakwanisa kuwana kuLondon.

Hurumende yeBritain, akashuma kuti basa Polish Underground State uye akataura nekutambura kwevanhu vechiJudha. Ndakazopedzisira paakasvika United States uye vakati Holocaust Roosevelt. Zvinoitwa kubva dzairwisa haana vakatevera. Asi Kara kuedza kuponesa vaJudha, uyewo yaro rubatsiro muPoland akaunza zvakakodzera mubayiro muna 1982.

varwi German

Pakazosvika 2016, Israeri Institute of Holocaust uye Heroism akaverenga kuGermany, vanenge 600 vakarurama munyika. Izvi zvinogona kunzi, uye Oskar Schindler, uyo akaponesa vaJudha vanopfuura 1,000, vachidziendesa basa rake. Pakarepo - nhengo kufamba "Belaya ROZA" Hans uye Sofi Sholl. Nenguva rinosanganisira Dietrich Bonhoeffer. "Wakarurama Marudzi kuchipikisana Third Reich" - saka anonzi mufundisi munyori Eric Metaxas. Nhoroondo murume uyu hwakaguma zvinosuruvarisa. Muna 1945, akaurayiwa nokuti nokuita rangano Hitler.

Pasinei nokuti oparesheni zvinoratidza zvinoita rokuurayira mudzvanyiriri, Boheffer achiri aiva nechokwadi chokuti Kristu anogona kukanganwira zvivi, kana chinotungamirwa panguva kurwisa of political hurumende uye yakakwirira kukurudzira. Kushanda Abwehr, akabatsira vaJudha nomwe kupukunyuka kuSwitzerland. Nokuti maonero avo uye zviito akanga paakanga afa paakavapa ari "Vakarurama Pakati Pemamwe Marudzi."

Kunze kuti pashure Bonhoeffer yave kunzi yakawanda machechi, akaitawo chitambi chetsamba, bhuku rakabudiswa muna 2012. Eric Metaxas akakwanisa kuudza nyaya mufundisi akakurumbira. Bhuku "Wakarurama Marudzi kuchipikisana Third Reich" riri pamusoro upenyu webhaibheri, pfungwa dzake uye dzidziso. Nyaya iyi anobaya mwoyo murume aikwanisa noushingi vachamukira udzvinyiriri.

mamwe magamba

Pakati vakundi pane yose yawo. Somuenzaniso, 117 vagari Nieuwlande vagamuchirawo yakakurumbira mubayiro. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika II musha akasarudza kuvanza vaJudha kumba ose. mhuri Shoneville aiva wokutanga, iyo ugoponeswa kugarwa muna 1940. Gare gare akabva akaviga mazana vaJudha, izvo zvinobudirira vakakwanisa vapone Holocaust.

Le chambon-sur-Lignon - yokugara French, izvo chave ruponeso wavaJudha. Paiva 5 akaponesa upenyu zviuru vakatambudzwa. Vakavanda munharaunda yose Municipality. Nemhaka zvakaitwa mufundisi womunzvimbo uye wake, 40 vomumusha vakanga paakavapa musoro "Vakarurama pakati Nations."