The siyana shanduka uye echimurenga kukura kwenzanga? Pfungwa shanduka uye echimurenga kukura vanhu

Society haana vakamira. Saka, evanhu akasiyana eras uye zvikoro kuedza kwavowo kududzira mitemo maererano nawo ichifamba. Izvi zvakatungamirira kuti paumbwe mbiri polar pfungwa maonero: Revolutionary uye shanduka kukura vanhu.

pfungwa Spencer

nyanzvi British uye muzivi Herbert Spencer vakadzidza zvakawanda zvoupenyu munzanga. Zvikurukuru, ndiye akarondedzera zvakadzama kwemasayendisiti chokuita shanduka kukura vanhu. bhuku rake chikuru - "Basic Principles" - zvakanyorwa muna 1862. It Spencer akabatana mananara akadai nheyo asiri chipingaidzo pamusoro pehurumende uye evolutionism. Nemhaka munyori vakararama panguva yake ndakadzidza zvakawanda pamusoro dzidziso mberi.

Generalizing zvakanyorwa Spencer, mumwe angati, pane zvakasiyana-shanduka uye echimurenga kukura vanhu. The dhigirii rokutanga hurumende chipingaidzo muupenyu hwevanhu. Kana usingashandi, pane chirongwa Kusiyanisa. disintegration Uyu kunzwisisa maitiro kupinda dzakawanda vaduku. New zvidimbu zvakaparadzana ayo vamutangira kushanda, izvo vanogona kugadzirisa yakanakisisa. Saka nzanga zvishoma nezvishoma murunyararo yakavepo, zvose zvakanaka vachishandisa zvinhu zvayo.

differentiating zvinhu

Pfungwa Kusiyanisa kungaita zvakawanda kuunganidza zvinopikisana pakati dzakasiyana-siyana vanhu. Izvi zvingaita kuti disintegration wegadziriro. zvakaipa zvakadai inoshora kusangana, vachifambidzana kukura kwenzanga.

Zvinofadza kuti Spencer chaizvoizvo yaDarwin zvafanotaurwa. Rakanga akagadzira pedyo Chirungu musayendisiti makore mashoma pashure Bhuku "Basic Principles". Spencer vaidavirawo kuti mumagariro shanduka ndiko chinokosha zvinonakisa yezvisikwa shanduka. Iyewo akatsanangura chinokosha nhau neurongwa yakasiyana vanhu nomumwe rudzi yezwi itsva padanho mberi, kusiya tsika survivals.

The siyana shanduka uye echimurenga kukura kwenzanga? Saka kana zvikaitika norugare kana zvechiuto nzira. Ichi chinhu chinokosha musiyano pakati nzira mbiri idzi. Pane dzimwe pfungwa dzinokosha. Mumwe akati nyanzvi yokuFrance Emil Dyurkgeym. muongorori ichi, pamwe Karlom Marksom, Maksom Veberom, uye Auguste Comte, vaiona GODFATHER hwemazuva munzanga nesayenzi.

Durkheim pfungwa

Durkheim aidavira kuti shanduka kukura munzanga, kusiyana echimurenga, zvichiita kuti zvishoma nezvishoma dzinongoitika weboka basa. Somuenzaniso, kubvira vachiri pamusoro capitalism muWestern Europe. Ndizvo chinosiyanisa shanduka uye echimurenga kukura vanhu.

Maererano Durkheim, pane mhando mbiri mano vanhu. Simple vanhu rakakamurwa yakaenzana zvikamu, izvo zvakafanana mumwe. Ukuwo, pane kunzwisisa nzanga ine yakajeka uye multilateral gadziriro pachake mudziyo kwayo. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe wavo ane yayo duku chikamu kuti mugumisiro Kusiyanisa. Musiyano marongerwo - chinhu chakasiyana shanduka uye echimurenga kukura vanhu. Kana mberi Anodzivisawo chimbichimbi kuchinja.

Emil Dyurkgeym runonziwo matanho anoverengeka pematanho kunzwisisa vanhu, kana zviri pamusoro shanduka nzira okukura. Chokutanga, kukura vakawanda kunowedzera. Izvi zvinotungamirira chokuti kuwedzera uwandu uye unhu mumagariro ukama. Next anotanga pfungwa weboka basa, izvo nechokumusoro kupokanidzana pakati mapoka akasiyana.

nyanzvi yokuGermany Ferdinand Tönnies ndiye musayendisiti wokutanga akadzidza munzanga mberi munhoroondo muenzaniso. Mubhuku rake "The munharaunda uye voruzhinji," akaratidza kuchinja yokuGermany kubva chinyakare nzira ukama ano. Zvishoma nezvishoma - ndiwo musiyano pakati shanduka uye echimurenga kukura vanhu.

Marxism

Muzana XIX remakore ruzhinji evanhu yaibatana maonero Spencer vake. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo pakanga uyewo pakatarisana pfungwa maonero. havaoni ayo akatanga Karl Marx uye Friedrich Shona. Izvi masayendisiti maviri German vava vanotsigira pokuchinja sezvo agadzirise matambudziko pakati akasiyana zvikamu kwevanhu pasi capitalism. Marx aiva muvambi "Capital". pakupedzisira Chinokosha basa akazviratidza bhaibheri kuti masangano ezvematongerwo enyika kuti bapiro kuruboshwe.

The Pamusana nokumukirana

Shanduka uye echimurenga kukura kwenzanga inoshora mumwe, nokuti unenge dzakasiyana nzira mberi. Muna XIX uye XX remakore, kwaiva kukuru zviito akawanda zvombo, chinangwa yaiva nokubatanidzwazve kwenzanga. Vamwe vavo vaiva vakabudirira uye kwakaita kuti kuwa aripo kurongeka.

Nzira dzakasiyana okukura nzanga (shanduka uye echimurenga) uyewo akasiyana uye migumisiro yacho. Zvishoma nezvishoma mberi ane Zvishoma nezvishoma mumwoyo kupokanidzana dzinomuka pakati munzanga. The chimurenga kunotungamirira chinotyisa uye pakarepo kutyora yakasimbiswa tsika. Pakutanga, nyaya idzi akavapo chete pamusoro pemapeji emabhuku, asi zviitiko pashure World War Ndakavaratidza chaiye ropa uye tsitsi.

vanhu kukura rwakazara

The ano Pfungwa shanduka uye echimurenga kukura kwenzanga yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma. Mumwe chizvarwa chitsva masayendisiti ari kuita chinhu chitsva nezvedzidziso izvi. Somuenzaniso, muna XX remakore American Uolt Uitmen Rostow zvinganaka idzva rokuti "kunenge kuchiita." Pane shanu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo hwokuratidza mumwe Danho evanhu mberi.

Danho rokutanga iri tsika vanhu. Kwakavakirwa kurima. Uyu inert chaizvo hurumende kuti chinonetsa kuchinja. Kubva panguva iyi rinotanga shanduka uye echimurenga kukura vanhu. Kukosha zvetsika nenzanga kukuru, nokuti panguva ino vari zvichiitika zvose tsika vanhu.

Danho rechipiri kunoratidzwa kuchinja. Panguva iyi kambani rinoungana zvakakwana zvinhu kutanga kukura. Pane kuwedzera uwandu guru inivhesitimendi. Mukuwedzera, hurumende inova musimboti (feudalism chinhu chekare).

In pachikuva wechitatu anotanga zveupfumi, izvo kunoratidzwa pokumuka mhando dzakawanda akasiyana maindasitiri. Kuchinja kugadzirwa nzira, iyo anowedzera kunyatsoshanda kwayo.

maindasitiri vanhu

Munguva Danho chechina pane prerequisites nokuda kwaita maindasitiri nenzanga, iro pakupedzisira kuumbwa mune rokupedzisira padariro shanduka kukura. It kunoratidzwa yepamusoro uye kunzwisisa gadziriro weboka basa umo mumwe kuzviitira basa maererano dzidzo uye unyanzvi.

The kwakawedzera runoita kupa vazhinji zvakasiyana siyana nhumbi kumusika. Izvi anovandudza upenyu vanhu. Production modernized tichibatsirwa kushandisa michina uye kushandiswa kwemichina. mumwe muitiro wakadaro rapera zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu, chimurenga. Pane ano yemhando kukurukura hurongwa (motokari uye zvichingodaro. D.). Vanhu vari kuva Mobile, uye guta vari urbanization pachikuva, kana kune Newest kwezvivako kuti hwomutambarakede uye nyore upenyu.

post-Industrial munzanga

Pfungwa maindasitiri munzanga wamuka somugumisiro shanduka kukura vanhu, rakanga rakakurumbira zvikuru XX remakore. Asi hazvina kuva wokupedzisira. Vamwe evanhu (Zbignev Bzhezinsky, Alvin Toffler) zvinganaka pfungwa post-maindasitiri munzanga, izvo anoenderana nhasi yose upfumi.