The Social shanduka womunhu zvinhu uye kubudirira

Zvakaoma kutaura pandakatanga akamutsa mubvunzo pamusoro chidzoke uye paumbwe murume. Kuziva nyaya iyi sezvo nevafungi mararamiro ekare, uye venguva yedu. Sezvo vanhu hwapedyo? Zvinoita kuratidza zvimwe zvinodiwa uye zvokukura kwacho?

Society sezvo rimwe hurongwa

Chipenyu panyika iri yoga muviri, izvo kunoratidzwa nedzimwe nzendo okukura, semuenzaniso kubereka, kukura uye rufu. Zvisinei, mumwe haapo ari ega. Utachiona Vazhinji zvinoodza kuumba mapoka, umo pamwe uye kukanganisa mumwe.

Man - hapana anosara. Vakabatana pachishandiswa nevakawanda zvatariswa, zvido uye mabasa, vanhu vanoumba nzanga. Inside nayo ndinoumba zvimwe tsika, mitemo, nheyo. Kazhinji, zvose zvinhu munzanga zviri dyidzana uye dzitsigirane. Saka, zvinoita seboka.

Social shanduka kunoreva munogodorerei, kuchinja nzanga itsva pamwero. Kuchinja maitiro uye tsika munhu chakasvitswa uye kune vamwe vose munzanga muchimiro nemitemo. Saka, vanhu vari kutamira kubva padanho kusvika States, kubva aunganidze zvekushandisa mberi, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Social shanduka: wokutanga dzidziso

The hunhu uye mifananidzo mumagariro shanduka nguva dzose zvichishandurwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Kunyange XIV remakore muzivi Ibn Khaldun waiva pfungwa kuti nzanga kukura sezvinonyatsoita munhu. Pakutanga, iye akaberekwa, achiteverwa guru kukura, maruva. Kwozouya kuderera uye rufu.

Panguva yedzidzo mumwe mukuru dzidziso yaiva musimboti "nyaya stadial" munzanga. WokuScotland nevafungi akaratidza maonero kuti nzanga unomutswa muzvikamu zvina mberi:

• kuunganidzwa uye kuvhima,
• pastoralism uye nomadism,
• kurima uye kurima,
• tengeserana.

Muzana XIX remakore muEurope pane pakutanga ndiwo pfungwa shanduka. izwi iri rechiLatin "nekutumirwa kwemauto". Zviri dzidziso pamusoro zvishoma nezvishoma kunzwisisa uye zvakasiyana-siyana siyana upenyu unicellular muviri kuburikidza nemagene kunotouraya vari vazukuru ayo.

Pfungwa paumbwe zvakaoma kubva nyore vakanongazve evanhu uye vazivi, kufunga pfungwa iyi kufambidzana uye nokuda kukura kwenzanga. Somuenzaniso, ari ANODZIDZA Lewis Morgan akasiyanisa zvinhanho zvitatu vekare vanhu: noutsinye, zvoutsinye uye budiriro.

Social shanduka kunonzwisiswa sezvo kuenderera paumbwe zvipenyu zvipenyu. Ndicho chinotevera Danho pashure nechitarisiko Homo sapiens. Saka, Lester Ward akamutora wechisikigo danho kukura kwedu nyika pashure cosmogenesis uye biogenesis.

Man somunhu yemudzimu zvoutachiona uye munzanga-shanduka

Evolution zvakakonzera chidzoke kwazvakaita zvose uye nevanhu yokurarama venyama panyika. Asi nei vanhu vakatama kure nevamwe? Chokwadi kuti kufanana vasiri kuchinja vakashanda nemagariro zvinhu-shanduka.

Yokutanga matanho kurutivi socialization haana kunyange munhu uye nemaape, kunhonga nematurusi. Zvishoma nezvishoma unyanzvi kwakavandudza, uye kare makore mamiriyoni maviri apfuura, pane munhu batsira murume, ari kushingaira kushandisa zvekushandisa muupenyu hwako.

Zvisinei, dzidziso basa sezvo basa rinokosha haritsigiri nesayenzi yemazuva ano. chinhu ichi akaita pachiimbwa vamwe, zvakadai kufunga, kutaura, kushamwaridzana nemombe, uye ipapo munharaunda. ane makore mamiriyoni yatova rinowanika Homo erectus - the mugadzi kuti Homo sapiens. Haana chete anoshandisa asi unoberekawo zvishandiso, achitungidza moto, Anobika zvokudya kutaura chinyakare.

Basa nzanga uye tsika iri Kushanduka

Chimwe miriyoni apfuura, zvoutachiona uye munzanga-shanduka munhu kunoitika zvakafanana. Zvisinei, 40 zviuru zvemakore akapfuura, zvipenyu kuchinja zvishoma kumhanya kwako. Cro-Magnons regai kwakasiyana kwatiri chitarisiko chavo. Sezvo dzakavapo basa rinokosha evanhu zvinhu-shanduka kwevanhu.

Imwe dzidziso iri rakakamurwa huru muzvikamu zvitatu evanhu mberi. Wokutanga kunoratidzwa nechitarisiko uri muchimiro padombo mifananidzo. Danho iri domestication uye maberekero remhuka, uyewo basa mune zvokurima uye apiculture. Chechitatu Danho ndiyo nguva unyanzvi uye yesayenzi mberi. Kunotanga XV remakore uye kuchiri kuenderera.

With mumwe mutsva munhu kunowedzera nguva yaro kuzvidzora uye rokuchinja zvakatipoteredza. Chinokosha Misimboti yaDarwin yokushanduka-shanduka, akavapindurawo, muri sidelined. Somuenzaniso, dzinongoitika selection, iyo inoita basa rinokosha iri "kusefa" simba vanhu, hazvina kudaro nesimba. Nemhaka zvokurapa uye mumwe munhu simba anogona kuramba vanogara munzanga ano.

The venguva Dzidziso budiriro

Panguva imwe chete nemabasa Lamarck uye Darwin nezvematangiro akaita upenyu anooneka evolutionism dzidziso. Rakafuridzirwa pfungwa dzamarudzi kuvandudzika uye kubudirira muupenyu-siyana, nevafungi European vanodavira kuti pane imwe nzira kuti kunoitika evanhu shanduka womunhu.

Mumwe wevakatanga kuisa mberi hypotheses dzavo Ogyust Kont. Iye rinozivisa yebhaibheri (chinyakare, zvokutanga), dzisiri uye zvakanaka (kwesayenzi, soro) padanho kukura kwepfungwa uye mafungiro.

Vanotsigira mashoko dzekare dzidziso vaivawo Spencer, Durkheim, Ward, Morgan uye Tennis. maonero avo akasiyana, asi pane zvimwe zvayo urongwa, iyo yakaumbwa hwaro dzidziso:

• Humanity anozviratidza rimwe isangano, uye kuchinja ayo dzinongoitika uye zvakakodzera;
• evanhu shanduka nzanga kunoitika chete kubva chinyakare vazhinji dzakasimukira, uye tsoka dzacho hadzina kudzokororwa;
• tsika dzose kukura zvakasikwa mutsetse, izvo nzendo zvakafanana vose;
• Chinyakare avanhu unotevera padariro shanduka, vanogona kushandiswa kudzidza chinyakare muvanhu.

Kuramba ari dzenhoroondo dzidziso

Romantic zvinotendwa pamusoro rakadzikama kuvandudzika nzanga kuenda pakutanga XX remakore. nematambudziko World uye hondo akamanikidza masayendisiti kutora imwe Kutarira kuitika. Pfungwa mberi kunonzwisiswa kwaiva ngano. Nhoroondo yevanhu sokuti asisiri Linear, asi cyclical.

Pfungwa Oswald Spengler, Arnolda Toynbi ipapo inonyatsoratidza muuzivi Ibn Khaldun zvichipi- nzendo muupenyu kwenzanga. Kazhinji, ivo kuona vana:

• pakuberekwa
• simuka,
• shwiro
• rufu.

Saka, Spengler aidavira kuti zvinotora makore anenge 1000 kubva pakuzvarwa kuora kwetsika. Lev Gumilyov basa makore 1,200. budiriro Western runoonekwa kuva pedyo kuti dzinongoitika kuderera. Vateveri Zvikoro "tariro" vaivawo Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, Pitirim Sorokin, Vilfredo Pareto , uye zvichingodaro. D.

Neoevolutionism

Man somunhu yemudzimu mumagariro shanduka kamwe zvakare rinowanikwa muuzivi yechipiri yezana XX remakore. Vakabata nesayenzi uchapupu uye uchapupu anthropology, nhoroondo, ethnography, Lesli Uayt uye Dzhulian Styuard vakava dzidziso chiNazi evolutionism.

Pfungwa itsva kwetunhu dzekare Linear, ichiita mabasa akawanda, uye multi-mutsetse womuenzaniso. Masayendisiti vanoramba rokuti "kubudirira" iri kwayo pfungwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti tsika asingadi musvetuke ari kukura, asi chete zvishoma kuoma zvichienzaniswa yapfuura chimiro kuchinja kwacho kunoitika zvakawanda zvakanaka.

Muvambi Lesli Uayt dzidziso basa guru munzanga shanduka kunobvisa tsika, aendesa dzayo chikuru chishandiso kwevanhu kwadzakabva zvakatipoteredza. Anobudisa simba pfungwa, maererano iyo uwandu simba hunovapo kukura tsika. Saka, anotaura nezve zvinhanho zvitatu kukura vanhu: zvokurima, mafuta uye Fusion.

Postidustrialnaya uye ruzivo dzidziso

Pamwe chete nedzimwe pfungwa pakutanga XX remakore, pane pfungwa post-maindasitiri munzanga. The chikuru zvokudya dzidziso inogona kuonekwa nemabasa Bell, Toffler uye Brzezinski. Daniel Bell allocates zvirimwa zvitatu inotungamirwa danho, izvo unoenderana pamwero kukura uye kugadzirwa (ona. Table).

Postindustrial danho rinoshanda zvose XIX remakore uye yechipiri yezana XX. Maererano Bell, ayo chikuru chepfungwa ndiko kuvandudza upenyu, zvinoderedza zvokuwedzera kwevanhu uye kubereka. Basa ruzivo uye nesayenzi inowedzerawo. Upfumi rinonyatsotarira kugadzirwa mabasa uye kudyidzana pakati pomunhu nomunhu.

Sezvo kuri kuwedzera dzidziso iyi pane pfungwa mashoko kwenzanga, inova chikamu post-maindasitiri panguva. "Infosphere" kazhinji anomira somusoro ezvoupfumi kwemauto, displacing kunyange basa zvekutepfenyura.

Nokuti vanhu mashoko kunoratidzwa kuwedzera infospetsialistov, vanoshingaira kushandisa redhiyo, terevhizheni uye dzimwe nhau. Taisireva nokuda kwadzo kusimudzira nevakawanda mashoko nzvimbo, kuti kwaita e-gutsaruzhinji, hurumende uye hurumende, kunyangarika zvakakwana urombo uye mabasa.

mhedziso

Social shanduka ndiko muitiro tishandurwe pedutu kwenzanga nayo anoshandura qualitatively, uye yakasiyana yapfuura chimiro. Kune vakawanda payakavakirwa nokuti izvi. Sezvo vose nyaya dzakadaro, maonero nevafungi uye masayendisiti vasingabvumirani.

Mumwe dzidziso ine peculiarities ayo uye kusiyana, asi tinogona kuona kuti vose vane vectors zvikuru zvitatu:

• Nhoroondo tsika yevanhu iri cyclical, vanoenda mumatanho dzakawanda, kubva pakuzvarwa kusvikira pakufa;
• Humanity ari Virtual kubva nyore nefomu zvakawanda akakwana, nguva dzose nani;
• Kugadzirwa nzanga mugumisiro wacho kwadzakabva kune zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, izvozvo dzinosiyana nokuda kuchinja zvinhu, uye optionally zvose kudarika yapfuura chimiro.