Pavaipfuura zvipembenene kukura: haasaruri uye azere kutendeutsa

Post-embryo kukura, zvimwe anozivikanwa poslezarodyshevym, zvose zvinenge-vagere yedu inogona rakakamurwa kaviri: zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga. Chokutanga mhando tinoberekwa zvinokambaira, shiri, mhuka. Akazvarwa kana achibuda zai iri diki kopi akura. Chimwe chimiro pakukura rinowanikwa hove, amphibians uye arthropods. Munyaya ino, uchishandisa kongiri mienzaniso, tichakurukura padariro kukura nezvipembenene.

The chaivo basa metamorphosis

Kukura dzakasiyana siyana nemhuka kukwana uye kwakakwana metamorphosis (metamorphosis) inopa zvikuru Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ezvinhu upenyu hwanana uye vakura nezvimiro uye kunoderedza makwikwi zvokudya chawo pakati pavo. Izvi zvinobvumira kushandiswa kungaitwa pane zvokudya zvedu, uye hwezvekukurukurirana kuti Resettlement kwazvakaita kugara dzakasiyana nzvimbo (mhepo, nyika, mvura kana pachivande). zvipembenene metamorphosis mumwe zvikonzero kuwanda kwemarudzi ezvinhu zvipenyu kurarama ino nguva munyika (miriyoni). Anogara anenge ose aivapo zvipenyu niches. Tupukanana vari arthropods boka mhando. Zvipembenene kukura danho ndedzinotevera maitikiro: zai (mudumbu kukura), dukutu, pupa, imago (postembryonic kukura).

mazai Step ndiye wokutanga uye fanira danho zvipembenene upenyu yatinofema. It ane anoshongwa shoma. Chokutanga anonzi chorion (ane wokudzivirira uye zvokuimba shanda). Mune dzimwe mhando, zviri kunzwisisa akaturikidzana kuti wakisi kana chitin uye yonhuwa pores. The goko yechipiri, mondo kana serous, zvakananga neVadzidzi kukura mudumbu. Zvinonzi akapa nokuda mondo. Chimiro, ruvara uye kukura chorionic mazai siyana tumbuyu zvakasiyana. Saka, mhashu mazai urefu kunosvika 11 neMM, uye dandemutande mites - 0,14 chete mm. Zvipembenene Most mazai avo, kunyange panewo viviparous siyana, akadai Madagascar bete. Kubva zai anobuda ari dukutu, unova chinotevera padariro zvipembenene kukura.

kupinduka zvakakwana

Zviri kwese kuti mhando subclass mapapiro nezvipembenene. Asati ava munhu mukuru mumwe - imago, muviri kwakabuda zai, kuona vaviri zvachose siyana upenyu matanho: mazana uye pupae. Tupukanana, izvo by metamorphosis zvakakwana ichazivikanwa, rinonzi golometabolicheskimi. Izvi zvinosanganisira mapoka Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Features affected rwakazara

Ndivo, kupfuura zvose, mune anatomical nemamiriro muviri. Most mazana ndisipo dzokubereka nadzo. Uyewo siyana mouthparts, uye nokudaro mhando yezvokudya. Chimbofunga larval nzendo kukura zvine kukwana metamorphosis.

Mumwe zvipenyu zvikuru kare - mukonikoni, mazai ayo mumvura yakamira mvura. Pashure pemazuva 20, uye mune mamwe marudzi pashure 2-9 mwedzi zvinoita sokuti pronymph (prelarvae), anogara mumasekonzi mashomanana, zvino anopera, uye aumba Naiad - chaiyo mukonikoni mazana. It ane diki saizi (1.5 mm), uye upenyu kutenderera, zvichienderana norudzi Tupukanana agare kwemazuva akawanda nomumwe matatu. Dukutu vachishingaira anovhima mumvura uye ane trachea kuti kufema, saka kakawanda achisimuka pemvura.

Ramba Molt ichikura iye anotanga kubuda mumvura pamvura chirimwa madzinde uye kuva akura nezvipembenene - remukonikoni rine nyoro mapapiro uye muviri anofukidza. Kwekanguva risingabereki kufamba. Chitin rukoko rinofukidza zvipembenene ichioma. Remukonikoni anova kukwanisa kubhururuka. Kuti muchidimbu, zvinotevera: mazana ose dragonflies mune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogarisana chinopa kuwedzera nezvipembenene izvi. Cherechedza kuti zvepabonde ruzivo zvipembenene Remukonikoni yayo dukutu vari zvakafanana munzira zvokudya (vose zvikara) uye kufema (miviri - trachea). Musiyano Zvisinei dzinogarisana: imago kurarama mudenga, uye mollusks - mumvura.

zvipembenene mazana pamwe metamorphosis zvakakwana

The vamiririri hurongwa Lepidoptera Somuenzaniso, kungozvifunga, makonye, uye vari kunzi akasiyana chaizvo kubva mukuru. Kubva zai anobuda ari dukutu, kusurukirwa sezvo ainge ava goko ake uye pakarepo otanga kudya mashizha nezvimwe zvikamu chirimwa pamwe pashaya dzavo simba - mandibles. muviri wake wakange honye-zvakadai, ane musoro, vatatu thoracal uye gumi abdominal zvikamu. Veils Anopiwa bvudzi - bristles. Kungozvifunga - zvipembenene, ayo achishandisa kutendeuka zvakakwana ichazivikanwa. On yepazasi muromo waJehovha dukutu ari hwemvura simbi, iyo chinosiyanisa zvakavanzika. Congealing mudenga, anoumba rimwe neshinda kuti anoshandisa dukutu kuti nhumbana inotungamirwa. Kugara mairi, iyo dukutu ichichinja kuita pupa. Inogona kurarama kubva mavhiki akawanda kusvika kuti matatu, uye Moth nymph anorarama makore 10. muviri wake aumbwa glycerol uye betaine - dzinongoitika antifreeze.

shavishavi dukutu - zvine kutendeuka zvakakwana, kazhinji idonhe. Last Molt migumo dzavo pupation. Mune mamwe marudzi zvipembenene mazana nevachena mazita. Somuenzaniso, zvipembenene, sawflies - a dukutu, mune alleculinae uye darkling - lozhnoprovolochnik, mollusks anonzi mazana pamusoro dragonflies vavo prelarvae inonzi nymphs.

Chii pupa

danho iri upenyu kutenderera rezvipembenene iyo inosvitsa kukura nevanhu vakakura - imago. Pupal Danho inozivikanwa kuti muviri hausi Powered uye havagoni kufamba. Kuwedzera nesirika, kuti nhumbana pakuvaka uye nokusimbaradza mhuka vanowanzoshandisa tudonhwe jecha kana anoshongwa. In vakasununguka pupal tunonzwa, makumbo uye mapapiro remangwana vakuru evanhu vakasununguka uye pedyo muviri. Akafukidza pupae tiri yo mazhinji ezvinhu kungozvifunga, ladybugs, vamwe Diptera.

imago

Nokuti okupedzisira padariro zvipembenene kukura inozivikanwa paumbwe dzokubereka (yokubereka maitiro), uye zvose zvimwewo zvinhu pakuona ichi mhando. Sezvo dukutu, imago anoita mashandiro zvipembenene dispersal zvakasiyana-siyana nzvimbo. Uyezve, vakuru vane basa kubereka uye vane sikarudzi. In vanhurume, dzinonzi testes uye nenhunzvi - ovaries. Panewo omurume mumasero secreting chakavanzika uye copulatory nhengo kuti kuberekesana.

Munyaya ino, isu akatarira padariro zvipembenene kukura, pamwe kunanga kukura pamwe kukwana uye zvakakwana metamorphosis.