The samolecular Murongerwo ane ... Chii fuma ane samolecular mamiriro

Sezvaunoziva, kemisitiri inodzidza marongerwo uye zvivako zviri zvinhu, uyewo avo yakawiriranwa transformations. Nzvimbo inokosha iri characterization kwemakemikari yeimwe ndiwo mubvunzo kuti, kubva chii chaizvo ivo ine inoramba. Izvi zvingava maatomu, ions kana mamorekuru. In nezvishoma, vari vanobatanidzwa sekristaro zvakachinjikwa nzvimbo. The samolecular Murongerwo ane vashomanana yeimwe ndiripo zvikukutu, mvura uye gaseous mamiriro.

In neKwayedza, ratinoparidza mienzaniso nezvinhu izvo maererano samolecular lattices anozivikanwa, uyewo funga akawanda kwemarudzi intermolecular mukukurukurirana wakananga nezvishoma, mvura uye magasi.

Sei ini kuziva sechivako makemikari

In ose bazi ruzivo kwevanhu, unogona kusarudza boka mitemo inokosha pamusoro izvo pakuzadzisa nesayenzi. In Chemistry - a dzidziso MV University uye George. Dalton, vachitsanangura maatomu uye samolecular maumbirwo nyaya. Sezvo masayendisiti, muchiziva dzomunyika chimiro, zvinokwanisika kuti kufungidzira mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako zviri mukomboni. All kuwanda artificially synthesized Organic zvinhu munhu (mapurasitiki, mishonga, mishonga yokuuraya zvipembenene, etc.) anopiwa pachine unhu uye zvivako, chinokosha zvikuru nokuda kwayo maindasitiri mudzimba kushandiswa.

Zivo STRUCTURAL zvinhu uye zvivako zviri yeimwe vaizviti ari kuitisa kuzvidzora zvikamu, miedzo uye bvunzo mu kemisitiri kosi. Somuenzaniso, yaida mazita zvinhu kuwana mhinduro yakarurama, chii samolecular nemamiriro fuma?

• Zingi.
• Magnesium oxide.
• Diamond.
• Naphthalene.

Mhinduro yakarurama iri: zingi ane samolecular chimiro, uyewo naphthalene.

Intermolecular mauto

Rakavakwa experimentally kuti samolecular mamiriro kwese kuti zvinhu pamwe yakaderera utsotso pfungwa uye vakaderera neukukutu. Chii chinogona kutsanangura fragility pamusoro sekristaro lattices pakati yeimwe izvi? Somugumisiro, zvose zvinoenderana nesimba pamwe mugumisiro zvacho mukati nzvimbo dzavo. Rine zvemagetsi zvakasikwa uye inonzi intermolecular kusakarongeka kana Van Der Waals ravarwi, dzinobva achifurira mumwe oppositely mhosva mamorekuru - dipoles. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti pane nzira dzakawanda inotungamirwa ravo, zvichienderana yezvakaita pfuma pachayo.

Acid sezvo samolecular Zvinoumba mukomboni

The zvinogadzirisa acids vakawanda, vose Organic uye inorganic, polar ane nezvimedu izvo nezvatinovavarira hama kune mumwe oppositely mhosva nematanda. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe mhinduro ine zvinovava chloride HCI dipoles varipo, pakati paine orientational kudyidzana. With tembiricha Zvakawanikwa mamorekuru ose hydrochloric, hydrobromic (HBr) uye dzimwe halogen acids, vasanyanye orientational chaizvoizvo, sezvo chafariz inofamba pakati nezvimedu chinonditadzisa zvavo kukwezvana. Kunze pamusoro dzakanyorwa zvinhu, asi samolecular mamiriro ndiye sucrose, naphthalene, panyaya iyi uye nedzimwewo Organic yeimwe.

Sezvo simuka vafurira mhosva nezvimedu

Pakuvamba, isu akatarira imwe nzira kuita kuti Van Der Waals mauto, inonzi dzidziso kudyidzana. Uyewo Organic yeimwe uye halogen tubhokisi acids, ari samolecular mamiriro ane rehydrogen oxide - mvura. At zvinhu zvinosanganisira dzisiri polar, asi zvinoodza kuumba dipoles, mamorekuru zvakadai sekabhoni yakasviba CO _2, zvinokwanisika kuchengeta panowanikwa vakafurira mhosva nezvimedu - dipoles. Dzavo kupfuura chinokosha - kukwanisa kuti vakwezvane, anoonga kwaita electrostatic kukwezvana mauto.

The samolecular maumbirwo gasi

Sezvatambotaura kare musoro wenyaya muchikamu remubatanidzwa akadai carbon dioxide. Mumwe atomu nayo anosika kumativi pachavo wemagetsi munda induces polarization atomu rakamiswa pedyo carbon dioxide inobvisa mamorekuru. Zvinonzi dzakachinjwa kuti dipole, izvo zvinozoita zvava vanokwanisa polarization nezvimwe zvacho CO _2. Somugumisiro, mamorekuru vakwezvane. Inductive kwavatori anogona kuonekwa uye zvinhu zvinosanganisira polar nezvimedu, kunyange muchiitiko ichi zviri kurukutika zvikuru kupfuura dzidziso yacho Van Der Waals simba.

The akapararira kudyidzana

Sezvo maatomu pachavo, uye inoramba dzinyorwe sezvamunoita yavo (chinoumba maerekitironi) vanokwanisa kuramba rotational uye vibrational kufamba. It inotungamirira pakuonekwa dipoles. Maererano zveBhaibheri pamusoro quantum hurongwa, panowanikwa nguva imwe dvuzaryadnyh nezvimedu kunoitika muna nezvishoma uye zvinwiwa synchronously, saka kuti miromo mamorekuru pedo, tione akatarisana namatanda. Izvi zvinotungamirira zvavo electrostatic kukwezvana, vakagamuchira zita kupararira kwokukurukurirana. Ndiwo maitiro zvose zvinhu, kunze avo vari gaseous ezvinhu, uye ane monatomic mamorekuru. Zvisinei, Van Der Waals mauto angamuka Somuenzaniso, kana wakapfuura inert magasi (nehelium, neon) iri mvura chokutambudzika yakaderera tembiricha. Saka samolecular maumbirwo dzomumuviri kana chinokonzera kukwanisa kwavo aumbe intermolecular aiita akasiyana-siyana: dzidziso vakafurira kana kupararira.

Chii sublimation

The samolecular maumbirwo muviri zvakasimba, zvakadai ayodhini crystals, hunokonzera chaiko chinoshamisa anonakidza sezvo sublimation - volatilization mamorekuru I ₂ sezvo yepepuru vapor. Rinobva pemvura ane fuma iri yakasimba chokutambudzika, pavaigona kutora chikepe chaienda nemvura mamiriro.

Ichi chiitiko nemaziso kuyevedza rinowanzoshandiswa kuitwa mumakirasi wekemisitiri unoratidza zvinoitwa nemamiriro samolecular sekristaro lattices uye vakarondedzera zvivako zviri yeimwe. Yemanyorero ichi pasi zvakaoma, pasi utsotso uye Kubika pfungwa, murombo chafariz uye magetsi conductivity, volatility.

Kushandiswa hunobatsira ruzivo nemamiriro nyaya

Sezvataona, zvinokwanisika kuti vagadze ronga kuwirirana pakati yekamuri mhando, marongerwo uye zvivako zviri mukomboni. Naizvozvo, kana anozivikanwa zvechadenga zvinhu, zviri nyore zvakakwana kufanotaura zvinhu zvayo marongerwo uye Kuronga nezvimedu: maatomu, mamorekuru kana ions. The zvichiguma mashoko anogonawo kubatsira kana unofanira mabasa kemisitiri kubva dzakananga boka yeimwe kusarudza fuma ane samolecular chimiro, dzakakudzingai avo umo mune mhando mabhomba kana Ionic lattices.

Nokupfupikisa, tinogona kugumisa zvinotevera: samolecular Murongerwo zvikukutu, uye ayo spatial nemamiriro sekristaro yekamuri, uye zvimwe inobudisa urongwa zvacho zviri mvura uye magasi ndivo zvakazara basa mumuviri makemikari ayo zvivako. In yokungotaura mashoko zvivako zviri yeimwe ine dipoles, kuvimba nesimba intermolecular kwokukurukurirana. The yakakwirira pakati polarity pamusoro mamorekuru uye nharaunda duku kwemaatomu ari mamiriro avo, akasimba dzidziso mauto kunotangira therebetween. Ukuwo, vazhinji maatomu ari Morekuru, zvikuru ayo dipole nguva, uye saka zvikuru kupararira mauto. Saka samolecular mamiriro muviri hwakasimba uye hakuchinji pane ayo kudyidzana mauto pakati zvacho - dipoles.