Fomura cellulose. Chemical chaiko ehupfumi. Preparation, kushanda

Munodziziva zvezuva nezuva zvinhu kwatiri, zviri ubiquitous muupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, hazviiti kuti kufungidzira pasina kushandisa makemikari namakemikari zvigadzirwa. Long vasati kwemakemikari Anselm Payá, somugumisiro iro akakwanisa kuona uye tsanangura muna 1838 imwe polysaccharide iyo vakagamuchira pachake zita "cellulose" (Rinobva cellulose French uye Latin cellula, rinoreva "sero kabati"), pfuma ichi ane pfuma vachishingaira kushandiswa mukurima chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinhu.

zivo pulp yakawedzera kwaita kuti zvakasiyana-siyana izvi, akaita pamusoro wayo hwaro. Pepa kuti zvidzidzo siyana, paperboard, mapurasitiki mativi uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers (acetate, viscose rayon, mhangura-amoniya), polymer mafirimu, enamels uye varnishes, detergents, zvokudya chirungiso (E460) uye kunyange upfu isina chiutsi ndivo zvibereko kugadzirwa uye kubudiswa pulp.

cellulose wakachena chena yakasimba ine zvakanaka anoyevedza ehupfumi, ane rakaisvonaka kuramba siyana zvemakemikari uye mumuviri zvinofurira.

Nature akasarudza cellulose (cellulose) sezvo vanonyanya chivakwa zvinhu. Munguva chirimwa nyika ndiyo hwaro muchitokisi masvingo miti uye zvimwe zvinomera kwirirei. In chaiyoiyo chimiro sezvingatarisirwa kuitika cellulose ndiyo donje mbeu vhudzi.

The yakasiyana ehupfumi iri zvinhu takatsunga nedare yepakutanga marongerwo. cellulose fomura ane zvachose zvinyorwa (C6 H10 O5) N izvo tinoona raidudzwa polymeric marongerwo. Kudzokorora guru kanoverengeka β-shuga vakasara kuva uwane maonero sei - [C6 H7 O2 (OH) 3] -, kwakabatana kuva refu Linear Morekuru.

Molecular cellulose fomura rinorondedzera ayo rakasiyana namakemikari ehupfumi kudzivisa kungatikanganisa runyararo. Uyewo pulp ane mukuru nemishonga kuti vakuchidzire, kunyange panguva madhigirii 200 Celsius zvinhu anochengetedza nechivako kwayo uye haina kuparadzwa. Autoignition kunoitika panguva tembiricha kuti 420 ° C.

No havanyanyi kukwezva cellulose kwavo chaiko ehupfumi. The STRUCTURAL yokuita cellulose muchimiro tambo refu ine kubva 300 kusvika 10,000 shuga dzakabatana asina divi mapazi, kunyanya anosarudza yakakwirira pakusimba nenhumbi ichi. Formula shuga inoratidza sei munhu muzvizhinji rehydrogen zvisungo akatengesa cellulose fibers kwete chete mukuru simba zvemaziso, asi yakakwirira elasticity. Zvakabuda Analytical kubudiswa ane muzvizhinji kwemakemikari kuedza uye tsvakurudzo raiva kusikwa muenzaniso cellulose macromolecules. Zviri yakaoma zononoka matanho 2-3 pakati zvokutanga chechetere, izvo kudzikamiswa nokuda intramolecular rehydrogen zvisungo.

Kwete cellulose payakavakirwa chacho mwero polymerization chinhu chinokosha chinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvakawanda. Saka muna mbishi donje rinosvika uwandu glucosidic residues 2500-3000, kuti achenese donje - kubva 900 kusvika 1000, ndokunatsawo huni pulp ane chakarurama 800-1000, regenerating kuti cellulose nokuwanda ipfupi kuti 200-400, uye cellulose acetate mu muindasitiri nayo anoda kubva 150 kuti 270 "anobatanidza" iri morekuru.

A chigadzirwa nokuita cellulose ndiwo chirimwa zvinhu, kunyanya ari matanda. The chikuru kwacho kunosanganisira kugadzirwa huni Chips dzakashongedzwa pulping makemikari, zvichiteverwa yokunatsa, nokuomesa uye rokutema rakapera chigadzirwa.

Zvakazoitwa Mabatirwo cellulose runoita kuwana siyana nezvinhu pamwe vakada zvivako mumuviri makemikari kuti kubvumira kuti pave zvakasiyana-siyana zvigadzirwa, pasina chiri upenyu murume ano zvakaoma kufungidzira. The yakasiyana yokuita cellulose, akagadzirisa makemikari omuviri kurapwa, akava hwaro kugadzirwa nezvinhu zviri nemamwe zvakasikwa, achibvumira kuti zvinowanzoshandiswa nemakemikari indasitiri, mushonga uye mamwewo mabasa evanhu.