The reverse gas. Izvo zvakasara zvegasi kubva kuSlovakia kusvika kuUkraine

Izvo zvakashata zvegasi ndeimwe yenzira dzakawanda dzezvematongerwe enyika uye zvematongerwe enyika, dzinowanzowanikwa mumabhuku uye nhau. Izvo zvinoshamisa hazvisi zvitsva uye zvinotaridzwa munhau ye post-Soviet nyika kakawanda. Ngatiedzei kuona kuti kutsva kwegesi kunorevei.

Chii chinopesana?

Izvo zvakashata zvegesi ndezvakaitika zvekare, chirevo chaicho chakaitwa kubva pakambotungamira Yanukovych. Mukutsika kwehupfumi, ichi chiitiko chinosanganiswa nekudzosa gasi zvinhu. Mune mamwe mazwi, mushure mekunge mutengi agamuchira mafuta kubva kune mutengesi, anoridzorera pane zvakasiyana. Kana tikafunga nezvechirevo mumuenzaniso weUkraine, ichave yakatariswa nezvimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nechimiro chisati chagadziridzwa chemapipi emagetsi, anoshandisa mararamiro efurairi pachake. Mumashoko akareruka, pfungwa yacho inoreva kutengeswa kwegesi kubva kumutengesi, munyaya yeUkraine - iri iri Russia, kune imwe nyika, pamutengo wakanaka. Somuenzaniso, kutumirwa kwePoland kuUkraine nemhepo yeRussia uye inopesana.

Unhu hunosiyana hwechiKukraine

Izvo zvakasara zvegesi kuUkraine ine purogiramu yake yakasiyana uye yakananga. Nharaunda yeUkraine iri mumugwagwa weRussia kuenda kuEurope, sezvazviri kuburikidza nekutsvaga kwayo kuti zvakakosha kutumira gasi kuUnited States. Paunotakura mafuta munyika, chikamu chacho chinoramba chiri muNeftegaz. Ichokwadi, chikamu chemafuta emotokari anotakurwa (10% yapfuura) inowanzonzi "kuchinjwa". Kunyatsotsanangurwa kwegasi kuyerera kwekudzoka mukati mehurumende ndechokuti hakuna imwe yakasiyana, iyo yakagadzirirwa pipeline yegasi kudzokera kunyika kubva kuEurope. Mamiriro ezvinhu apo Ukraine ikasiya chikamu chekugovera kune iyo pachayo, inowanzonzi "reverse". Maererano nemabhuku, nyika inogamuchira reverse gas kubva kuSlovakia.

Ngatitangei kuziva rutivi rwepamutemo rwemubvunzo

Maererano nehuwandu hwemamiriro ezvinhu e "gas return" kuUkraine, zvakakosha kubhadhara kune zvinopesana zviripo. Mutemo weRussia unobvumira mafuta ekubudisa kubva kuEurope chete kana pane pipeline chaiyo yakagadzirirwa (mutakuri wenyama). Zvechokwadi, hapana pombi kubva kuSlovakia kusvika kuUkraine yakavapo kusvikira muna 2014. Maererano nemapepa, gasi inova nzvimbo yomutengesi chete kana ichiyambuka muganhu unokwira mumuganhu uri pamuganhu pakati peSlovakia neUkraine, pamwe chete nedzimwe nyika dzinoshanda sevatengi veRussia "bhuruu" mafuta. Pamberi pepombi, kushandiswa kwegasi kubva kuSlovakia hakuzovi pamutemo nekuda kwekuti chibvumirano chekugovera mafuta chinonyatsojeka uye chakajeka chinotaura kuti: "Neftegaz" mumamiriro ezvinhu aya anoshanda chete semutengi. Mune nhau, pane zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvakafanotaurwa kuti "kutengesa gesi" kubva kuSlovakia hakuzoitiki. Izvo pakutanga kweSeptember 2014 hurongwa hwakatanga, uye ikozvino hunoramba huchikura nekukurumidza kukurumidza.

Kutanga kwekubatana kwakabudirira

August 16, 2014 yakatanga kuongororwa kwepipeline, iyo ikozvino inopa gasi kuUkraine kuburikidza nenharaunda yeSlovakia. Chikamu chekuedza chakanga chiri chekutanga uye chekuita kuvimbika kwehutano. Vamiririri veSlovenia vakaramba vachiratidza manzwiro avo pamusoro pokuti chokwadi chinonzi reverse pipe nemidziyo iyo inoshandiswa kutakura simba rekushandisa yakaisvonaka yakasakara. Pakupedzisira kwezhizha, zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu emidziyo, zvaive zvakaoma kune nyanzvi kuti vaone kuti zviyero zvakadini zvegasi kubva kuSlovakia zvichaitwa. Iyo kambani "Ukraatransgaz" yakapedza dambudziko rose remabasa ekugadzirira pachipatara "Uzhgorod" musi waAugust 7. Mamiriro ezvinhu ose akasikwa kweEuropean gas supply, kunyanya, nhamba yakawanda yehutano yakagadziriswa.

Kutanga kwekugovera

Ikoko kutsva kwegasi kubva kuSlovakia yakatanga musi waSeptember 1, 2014. Kuvhura kwevhavha yakagadzirirwa mumaguta eVelke Kapushany. Yakatarirwa naHurezidhendi weSlovakia Robert Fico uye Prime Minister weUkraine Arseniy Yatsenyuk. Pakutanga, reverse yakagadzirwa mu-control-test mode. "Bhuu" mafuta aipiwa kunyika iyo yakareba mabhiriyoni matatu cubic mamita. Kubvira musi waSeptember 2, hurumende yekuedzwa yakaendeswa kunotengeserana, uye kubatana kwakabereka kwakatanga. Panguva iyoyo, mafananisiro, uye nhasi mazviri, akati gore raMarch 1, 2015 zvakanyanya kuponeswa kunotanga. Kuiswa kwepayipi yeVatany-Uzhgorod yakabudirira. Maererano neHurezidhendi wenyika, kuvhurwa kwechigadzirwa chitsva chekutsvaga mafuta kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuderedza chikamu chekuderera kweUkraine kuRussia. Inenge 40% yezvinodiwa zvehupfumi zvehurumende zvakagutsikana. Munguva yakareba, chizere che 100% chechigadziro cheUkraine chekuchengetedza kwegadziriro yakarongwa. Kuwanda kwezvikwereti kubva mubhajheji kwakaderedzwa nekuda kwekuti kuchinja kweEurope yenyika yakatanga kuzadzika. Kusayina kwemu memorandamu ekudzosa kushanduka pakati peKukrransgaz neEustream kwakaitwa musi waApril 28, 2014. Zvinyorwa zviviri zvekare zvakatsanangurwa:

• Duku (kwete mamiriyoni maviri emamiriyoni mana emafuta pazuva).
• Makuru (kwete pasi pe30 millioni cubic mamita emafuta mukati megore).

Kuponesa kwete kwete chete

Imari yehupfumi yegore ra2014 yaiva ye $ 500 mamiriyoni. Nhasi, nyika iri kushandura kutsva kwegasi kubva kunyika dzakadai sePoland, Slovakia neHungary. Russia inonyanya kuda kutarisira kuti kushandiswa kwegesi kuUkraine hakuiti, sezvo izvi zvichitungamirira kukuderedza kukuru mune mari. Zviyero zvakakosha zvakatorwa, kunyanya, kukosha kwekutengeswa kubva kuRussia kusvika kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope zvakaderedzwa zvikuru.

Zvisarudzo pane gasi rinobva kuRussia

Russian Gazprom, inofanana nehurumende yakanyoresa kubatana pakati peUkraine neSlovakia, muna 2014 yakatanga kushingaira kupedza gasi rekushandisa. Maererano neimba yekudhinda Ekho Moskvy, mushure mekugadzirwa kwepayipi itsva, mafura efurairi yakaendeswa kuSlovakia yakaderedzwa ne25%. Zvimwe zviito, asi izvo zvave kutoenda kuHungary, zvakatungamirira kukuti nyika yakarasikirwa nemumwe wemasimba ane simba emafuta. Mushure mekuRussia pave kutema zvinhu kuPoland, nyika yakamisa mushure kwemazuva mazhinji. Pakukwirira kwematambudziko, mumotokari yekutanga ya2014, Moscow yakavhara nzira dzose dzeUkraine. Hurumende yakagadzirisa ukama nemumwe mukomana muSlovakia. Izvo zvakasara zvegesi kuUkraine zvinowanikwa muhutano hwakavimbiswa. Pashure penguva yakati, Russia haina kungotangazve huwandu hwezvinhu zvose kuEurope kuburikidza nenharaunda yeUkraine, asi yakawedzerawo ne7%, iyo yakagadzirisa chaiyo kuchinja kwegasi. "Gazprom" inoramba iine simba rinonyanya kushandiswa re "blue" mafuta.

Tsvaga imwe sangano rekushandira pamwe

Mukurwisana kwemashure ekukurukurirana nekuvaka hutano hutsva pakati peUkraine neSlovakia, Russia yakagadzirisa kutengesa gasi rinonyatsotengeswa kuUkraine pamutengo we $ 100 pamakiromita mita. Panguva imwecheteyo, sarudzo yakagadzirwa nokuda kwekuverenga kwakarurama kwehuwandu hwegesi zvakasiyana kune imwe nguva yezhizha uye yechando, iyo inobvumira kugadzirisa kushandiswa kwemari kubva kubhadharo yehurumende. Mhando yakadaro yekubatanidza yakarambwa. Kutanga kubva musi waMarch 1, 2015, Slovakia, kutsva kwegasi reUkraine, maererano neNNN, inotakura zvinenge gumi, sezvakanga zvakatarirwa mukutanga kwekubatana, uye 14.5 mabhiriyoni emamiriyoni emigetsi pagore. Nokuda kwenzira iyo gesi inopindurwa nhasi, Ukraine yakachengetedza zvinopfuura hafu yemafuta ayo anodiwa. Nhamba yezvigadzirwa zvekuUkraine zvichienderana nechekudzoka ikozvino mamiriyoni 27 emamiriyoni mana emafuta pazuva. Pakutanga, pipeline system "Voyany-Uzhgorod" inokwanisa kupa gesi muhuwandu hwemabhiriyoni gumi emamiriyoni mana pagore. Ikozvino, iyo yakasara yechina pipelines, iyo inopa nzira mbiri yemafuta ekuchinjana kwemazana mabhiriyoni cubic mamita. Mumakore mashomanana apfuura, anenge mabhiriyoni 55 cubic mamita e "bluu" mafuta kubva kuRussia kuenda kuEurope akatakurwa pamwe chete nemapipeline emagetsi enyika.